THE ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN MOVIE “JOKER”BASED ON SIGMUND FREUD THEORY

Rorschach responses of 36 process and 23 reactive schizophrenics have been evaluated for presence of primary and secondary process thinking, and for oral, anal, sex, aggression, and anxiety content. Responses of the process schizophrenics involved more primary process than secondary process thought, whereas the reactive schizophrenics' responses showed more secondary than primary process thinking. A linear trend, parallel for both groups, was noted with regard to frequency of content responses, such that anxiety was greater than aggression, which was greater than oral, which was greater than sex and in turn was greater than anal. In both groups oral content was least invaded by primary process thinking, the remaining categories tended to cluster.

Freud’s Lamarckian beliefs contributed to his theory of instincts, as well as his concepts regarding the unconscious primary process. Freud’s theory of the primary and secondary process is fundamentally biological, as he placed it within an evolutionary context and hypothesized that the two systems were distinguished by free and bound psychic energy. Freud’s distinction between the primary and secondary process is one of the few psychoanalytic theories that has been confirmed by science. We believe that Freud was correct in maintaining that the primary process is of earlier evolutionary origin than the secondary process. But Freud failed to recognize the distinction between primary-process thinking that occurs in dreams and that which occurs in the waking state. In the waking state, the primary process is not wish fulfilling, as Freud believed, but functions as an inference making tool utilizing metaphor and metonymy. As such, rapid, unconscious primary process thinking is at the heart of our survival.

Rationale: Stimulation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and related compounds such as psilocybin has previously been shown to increase primary process thinking – an ontologically and evolutionary early, implicit, associative, and automatic mode of thinking which is typically occurring during altered states of consciousness such as dreaming. However, it is still largely unknown whether LSD induces primary process thinking under placebo-controlled, standardized experimental conditions and whether these effects are related to subjective experience and 5-HT2A receptor activation. Therefore, this study aimed to test the hypotheses that LSD increases primary process thinking and that primary process thinking depends on 5-HT2A receptor activation and is related to subjective drug effects.Methods: Twenty-five healthy subjects performed an audio-recorded mental imagery task 7 h after drug administration during three drug conditions: placebo, LSD (100 mcg orally) and LSD together with the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (40 mg orally). The main outcome variable in this study was primary index (PI), a formal measure of primary process thinking in the imagery reports. State of consciousness was evaluated using the Altered State of Consciousness (5D-ASC) rating scale.Results: LSD, compared with placebo, significantly increased primary index (p < 0.001, Bonferroni-corrected). The LSD-induced increase in primary index was positively correlated with LSD-induced disembodiment (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected), and blissful state (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected) on the 5D-ASC. Both LSD-induced increases in primary index and changes in state of consciousness were fully blocked by ketanserin.Conclusion: LSD induces primary process thinking via activation of 5-HT2A receptors and in relation to disembodiment and blissful state. Primary process thinking appears to crucially organize inner experiences during both dreams and psychedelic states of consciousness.

Summary A study was made of the relationship between levels of cognition (primary versus secondary process thinking) and types of conscience development (integrated versus non-integrated conscience). A group of college students (N = 40) were given the Rorschach Test and a scale of items that measured styles of conscience preference. The Rorschach was scored according to Holt's Pripro methods. The levels of conscience styles were related to the scores of primary process thinking on the Rorschach. The results corroborated the hypothesis that non-integrated conscience is related to the emphasis (on the Rorschach) of primary process thinking. The results were related to the general body of theory in ego psychology.

This research is motivated by the lack of popularity of the study of novels using literary psychology. The researcher formulated the problem in this study how the psychiatric aspects of the main character in the novel go home to face inner conflicts and elaboration of the form of inner conflict experienced by the main character in the novel. This study has a purpose, namely, analyzing the psychology of literature by examining the psychological aspects of the character, and describes the form of mental disorders experienced by the main character, Dimas Suryo. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with novel data sources Pulang written by Leila S. Chudori and several relevant similar studies. The results of the analysis show that the character Dimas Suryo experienced various inner conflicts due to thinking of events after the events that occurred in his homeland and also his strong desire to return to his homeland despite several failed attempts. This caused a mental disturbance to the character, Dimas Suryo. These disorders after the researchers describe them, anxiety, trauma, stress, and depression. These four psychological disorders value greatly disturbs the peace of life and inhibits the process of self-realization in carrying out a true life. In the end the author chose death to be the end of the psychological suffering experienced by Dimas Suryo as the main character.

A new look at primary process thinking and its relation to inspiration

The purpose of this article is to analyze the psychological aspects of Summer and Smoke by Tennessee Williams, with reference to basic Freudian concepts. Freud divides the mind structure into three domains: Id, Ego, and Super-ego. The Id is explained by the pleasure principle, the Ego represents the reality principle, and the Super-ego represents the moral principle. This study, based on Freud’s psychoanalysis theory, shows how the psychological conflicts of the two main characters, Alma and John, in Williams’ play, are related to the three fundamental human minds. Alma, suffering from physical desire and spiritual conflict, achieves liberation by acknowledging the sexual desire embedded in her abandonment of puritan temperance and spiritual values. John, who does not forsake his inner values, finds his true self in Alma and embodies a true self represented by the principle of reality.

The purpose of this study is to return to Freud’s original descriptions of the primary and secondary processes in the light of modern neurosciences. In his Project for a Scientific Psychology, Freud draws the axes of the architecture of a mental apparatus: on a horizontal plane, the primary process transfers the excitation by impinging stimuli over a sequence of analogous states towards their discharge; thus, the primary process is essentially characterized by its associative tendency. On a vertical plane, the secondary process opposes the primary bottom-up pressure by a top-down inhibition with its origins in the purposive idea: the secondary process is essentially characterized by its inhibitory interventions. Freud later proposed that the primary and secondary process are seeking for perceptual, respectively thought identity. These different elements are coherent with the dynamics of the ventral and dorsal brain pathways respectively. Moreover, the dorsal pathway has an inhibitory influence upon the ventral pathway, much like the secondary has upon the primary. This influence is exerted thanks to what Freud called the “indications of reality.” We propose to equate these indications with the efference copies in modern neurosciences since they proceed from the same physiology and have the same function, besides originating from the same Helmholtzian source. Finally, even if both primary and secondary processes serve the death drive through the pleasure and the reality principle respectively, only the secondary process, requiring the bearing of an accumulation of excitations, also serves the life drive.

In the present paper Kernberg's hypothesis concerning the connection between primary process thinking on the one hand and primitive defense mechanisms and modes of object relationships on the other hand were tested empirically in a sample of 30 hospitalized borderline and 30 hospitalized neurotic patients. The diagnoses of the patients were given according to the 'Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines' of Gunderson and Kolb, the functions mentioned above were assessed on the basis of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique applying scoring systems of Lerner and coworkers for primitive defense mechanisms and of Urist for the scoring of object relationships to the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. According to the results the hypothesis derived from assumptions of Kernberg could be corroborated. Primary process thinking in borderline patients seems to be closely connected with high levels of anxiety and hostility, projective identification/projection, primitive denial and sadomasochistic relationships. A model for the coming about of primary process thinking in borderline patients is proposed.

Sigmund Freud wrote the "Project for a Scientific Psychology" in 1895. Although the "Project" is essential a neurological model of mind, it will be shown that major concepts in psychoanalytic theory can be traced to this work. These include libido, primary process and the pleasure principle, secondary process and the reality principle, wish fulfillment, the ego, consciousness, and repression. The "Project" signifies a transition in Freud's thinking from a neurological to a psychological realm of discourse.

The relationship between primary process thinking and two measures of anxiety was investigated in fourth- and fifth-grade children. Holt's Scoring System for Primary Process Responses on the Rorschach was the measure of primary process thinking. The major hypotheses were supported for boys in that frequency of expression of primary process material was positively related to behavioral manifestations of anxiety as measured by the Teacher's Rating Scale. Also, controlled access to and integration of primary process was negatively related to teacher's ratings of anxiety. There were no significant results for girls. Primary process measures were not related to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Possible reasons for the different relationships between the primary process measures and the anxiety measures are discussed.

The rapid mental changes taking {dace in a 17-year-old female patient suffering from myxoedema psychosis were investigated using the Holt scoring system for measuring primary process from Rorschach responses. As is typical for this condition, treatment with desiccated thyroid resulted in almost immediate improvement. Two examiners independently scored for primary process the three Rorschachs which were administered over a seven-month period. Results indicated satisfactory reliability between the two scorers. The most important finding was a drop in the amount of over-all formal level primary process thinking. This drop in the objective measures of pathological thinking reflected the improvement in the patient's clinical physical and mental state. Thyriod deficiency may precipitate a personality disorder ranging from mild anxiety and depression to the severe schizophrenic-like and manic states characterizing myxoedema psychosis. It is generally agreed that while the metabolic changes associated with myxoedema set off the psychotic reaction, the pattern of this reaction is determined by the preexisting personality structure. In many cases, treatment with desiccated thyroid results in almost immediate improvement. While some authors who describe such cases are impressed by their relative frequency (Berris & Owen, 1965), there are no adequate figures available which note the incidence in the general population or in the psychiatric institution. On the other hand, an estimate has been made that only 10 per cent of patients develop a psychosis when myxoedematous (Hollander et al., 1965). Certainly when a case does appear in the psychiatry department of a general hospital, interest is immediately aroused because of the infrequency with which this condition is diagnosed in such settings and especially because treatment gives us the opportunity to investigate extremely rapid personality changes over a short time span. The development of a scoring system for determining primary process thinking from Rorschach responses (Holt, 1962) provides us with an instrument for objectively measuring such rapid mental changes over a * We wish to express our appreciation to Dr. Robert R. Holt for his critique and helpful ideas, some of which have been incorporated in this article. f Present address: Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote St. Catherine Rd., Montreal 26, P.Q.

The emergence of literature is motivated by the existence of a basic human urge to express his existence through the literary works he creates. Therefore, not a few people are competing to carve their existence by producing various types of literary works. The large number of literary works that were born from the hands of modern and classical writers cannot be separated from the analysis and study of linguists and literary experts. The study of literary works can be viewed from various points of view, one of which is from the character's point of view. The purpose of writing this thesis is to show and obtain a picture of the main character's emotions in the form of joy, anger, fear and sadness as well as the causes of the emotions of the main character in the film Sang Mortar by Helfi Kardit. Research on the film Sang Mortar by Helfi Kardit uses literary psychology theory with the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud with qualitative research methods. Data collection techniques in this study used library study techniques and descriptive analysis techniques as data analysis techniques. The results of this study can be concluded that, Rangga's character's emotions are evidenced by Rangga's attitudes, reactions, words and treatment of the situation or problem at hand. The causes of emotion in the character Rangga in the film Sang Mortar by Helfi Kardit, among others, are the causes of emotional joy, namely communicating partners, unexpected things and problem solving. The cause of angry emotions, namely unacceptability and feeling controlled. The cause of the emotion of fear, namely feeling that safety is threatened. Cause the emotion of sadness.

Purpose: Research has shown that there are some risk factors for creating and developing low back pain with prolonged standing. For attempt to recognition of predisposing factors to development of LBP during prolonged standing, the purpose of this study was to investigate to maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at selected groups of muscles and some of the psychological aspects in back-healthy subjects who developed LBP during prolonged standing. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 25 back-healthy subjects and 14 chronic nonspecific LBP completed anxiety inventory (STAI), Tampa Scale for kinesiophobia (TSK) and pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) questionnaires. Dynamometer was used to assess MVC of the selected groups of muscles. Finally back-healthy subjects get tested for 2 h prolonged standing protocol and based on a visual analog scale (VAS) were categorized as pain developers (PD) or non-pain developers (NPD). Results: Ten subjects (% 40) with developing pain were categorized as PD. There were no significant difference at psychological aspects between three groups of PD, NPD and LBP had. But analysis of MVC showed PD and LBP groups had less MVC at the left plantar flexors than left plantar flexors of the NPD group. Also PD and LBP groups had significantly more between two sides asymmetry at MVC at the plantar flexors compared to NPD group. Conclusion: This preliminary data suggests less MVC and asymmetry of MVC at plantar flexor muscles maybe related to development of the LBP during prolonged standing in the back-healthy peoples. Future study is needed to investigate other function of plantar flexors and their probably relations to development of LBP during prolonged standing.

Novels as a form of literary work are expected to produce positive values for their readers, so that they can be sensitive to problems related to social life and encourage good behavior. Novels usually tell about the realities of human life with the surrounding environment. The limitations of the problem in this study focused on the analysis of educational values (religious values and moral values) and aspects of literary psychology in the main character in mellyana Dhian's novel Ribs to Heaven. While the purpose of this study is to analyze educational values in Novel Ribs Towards Heaven By Mellyana Dhian Review of Literary Psychology. This research uses Descriptive Qualitative data analysis techniques. Data collection is done by listening method through note-recording technique. Data analysis techniques used are flow analysis that includes three components, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. From the results of the research shows the conclusion in the novel Ribs Towards Heaven By Mellyana Dhian conveys educational values that are very useful for readers by bringing the story to life, so that it can become more alive and add variety and avoid monotonous things that can make the reader bored. Educational values contained in the novel Ribs Towards Heaven By Mellyana Dhian, based on the results of the analysis consists of two aspects. The educational value is: (a) religious educational value is the highest and absolute spiritual value and is derived from human beliefs or beliefs, in the novel Ribs To Heaven. (b) The moral educational value of the value of dealing with good and bad behavior, in the novel Ribs To Heaven. And a review of literary psychology consisting of three main parts namely id, ego, superego.