The alpha and beta subchain of Amb a 1, the major ragweed-pollen allergen show divergent reactivity at the IgE and T-cell level

Abstract

Ragweed is one of the most important pollen allergens in North America and parts of Europe. Although the major allergen Amb a 1 was isolated and cloned in 1991, recombinant Amb a 1 was not explored further to improve diagnosis and specific immunotherapy of ragweed-pollen allergy. In the present study the immunological properties of natural Amb a 1 and its proteolytical cleavage products was investigated in detail and compared with recombinant produced Amb a 1 variants.Characterization of natural Amb a 1 and the identification of its proteolytic fragments, designated Amb a 1α and Amb a 1β, was performed by N-terminal sequencing and mass spectroscopy. Amb a 1 and fragments were further produced in Escherichia coli, purified, and immunologically characterized. Amb a 1-specific T-cell cultures were used to compare the T-cell response to the different Amb a 1 variants.Divergent immunological properties of Amb a 1α (aa 181–396) and Amb a 1β (aa 26–180) were revealed. Amb a 1β contained important IgE epitopes, whereas Amb a 1α showed low IgE binding. When compared to natural Amb a 1, all recombinant variants possessed >100-fold reduced IgE-mediated mediator release activity. At the T-cell level recombinant and natural Amb a 1 stimulated comparable T-cell responses and the T-cell reactivity was largely directed to the C-terminal part. The results demonstrated that recombinant Amb a 1α behaves as hypoallergen with reduced IgE binding but preservation of the major T-cell reactivity. In addition, recombinant Amb a 1α can be easily purified to homogeneity in large quantity and therefore represents an ideal candidate for specific immunotherapy.