The adaptation of the passive aggression scale (PAS) into Turkish: a validity and reliability study

In this research, Muay Thai athletes who are university students have been examined by evaluating trait anger and anger expressions in terms of some variables. One hundred and ninety-five Muay Thai Athletes from Turkey Muay Thai Championship between universities volunteered for the study. “The Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scales” by Spielberger was used to determine the trait anger and anger expression styles of participants. Kruskal Wallis H and Mann Whitney U tests were applied for statistical analysis and comparison of variables. 
 
 According to the general results of the study; for Anger/In subscale, male athletes had higher points than female athletes. The mothers of high school graduates have higher Anger-In scores than whose mothers had university graduate, and whose father had high school graduate, than in athletes, whose father had primary school graduate. It was found that athletes, whose mothers had secondary school graduate, had higher anger/out subscale points than athletes, whose mothers had primary school graduate and university graduate. Anger/in subscale points of athletes, who had 9 years and more of sport experience, were higher than athletes, who had a lower of sport experience. Those with 3–4 years of sport experience had higher anger/out subscale points than those with 1–2 years and 9 years and more of sport experience. Those with 9 years and more had higher anger-control subscale points than those with a lower of sport experience. There was no significant difference in trait anger and anger/in subscales points between athletes joined international tournaments and who did not. There was a significant different in anger/out and anger/control subscales points between athletes joined international tournaments and who did not. 
 
 As a result, Muay Thai athletes, who are university students, have differences in the forms of trait anger and anger expressions in the dimensions of family (parents’ education level), sporting time and participation in international competitions, the positive incentives of the family to sports, the experiences of the individual in the field of sports and the sense of self-realization have been evaluated that they have a motivational and positive effect on managing, controlling, or suppressing anger.

To evaluate whether anger and anger expression are different between persons with and without headache after controlling for depression and anxiety. Persons with headache may experience more problems with anger and its expression when compared with persons without headache. It is important to establish whether differences exist for persons with and without headache on trait anger and anger expression independent of depression and anxiety. To date, however, this issue has received little attention in the empirical literature. The current study measured trait anger, anger-in, hostility, anxiety, and depression among persons with and without headache, and evaluated whether trait anger and anger-in differentiated groups independent of depression and anxiety. Participants were 422 adults recruited from a larger study within a university setting. Of those, 171 suffered from headache (mean age, 21 years; 81% were female; 69% were white; mean years with pain, 7.53). Another 251 sex-matched individuals (mean age, 21 years; 81% female; 62% white) met criteria for the headache-free group. Participants provided information regarding their headache characteristics and were administered affective trait measures (Trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Brief Symptom Inventory-Depression), trait anger measures (Trait Anger Scale, Cook-Medley Hostility Scale), and a measure of the extent to which individuals hold their anger in. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the 2 groups (Wilks lambda =.86, P <.001, eta2 =.14). Step-down analysis revealed that even after controlling for all other variables, those in the headache group had higher levels of anger-in (P <.001, eta2 =.08; mean, 18.98 versus 15.68). Trait anger and hostility did not differ between groups after controlling for depression and anxiety. Logistic regression revealed that anger-in contributed most to predicting headache status (P <.001; partial r =.23). The current findings indicate that persons with headache hold their anger in more than those without headache even after controlling for levels of trait anger, depression, and anxiety. However, after controlling for depression and anxiety, individuals no longer differed on trait anger. Also, anger-in was the strongest predictor of headache. The current findings suggest that holding anger in is more common among headache sufferers. Given recent findings regarding the negative effect of holding anger in among persons with pain conditions, this may be an important factor to evaluate when considering psychological/emotional factors affecting headache.

A survey model was used with 499 students between 16 and 18 years of age to investigate associations between perceived social support, self-esteem, trait anger, and anger expression revealed by the Perceived Social Support scale - Revised (Yıldırım, 2004), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965; Turkish version Cuhadaroglu, 1986), and the Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale (Spielberger, Jacobs, Russell, &amp; Craine, 1983) translated and adapted by Ozer (1994). Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were determined. There was a significant negative relationship among anger expression and the social support and trait anger perceived from family and teachers, and between self-esteem and trait anger. However, there was no significant relationship between peer support and trait anger, anger-in, anger-out, and anger control; nor was there a significant relationship between self-esteem, anger-in, and anger-out. We also identified a significant positive relationship between self-esteem and anger control, and between self-esteem and the social support received from family and teachers.

This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the trait anger and anger expression scales of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). This study took place between April 2005 and August 2014. Adults in Yemen (n = 334) and Tunisia (n = 200) were recruited from university campuses and a smoking cessation clinic, respectively. The STAXI was translated into Arabic using back-translation methods. An explanatory principal component analysis was conducted to explore the factor structure of the anger expression scale, utilising parallel analyses to determine the number of retained factors. Good internal consistency of the trait anger scale was observed among the Yemeni (Cronbach's alpha = 0.76) and Tunisian (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86) samples. The parallel analysis suggested a three-factor solution for the anger expression scale (anger in, anger out and anger control), in accordance with the original STAXI. The internal consistency of anger in, anger out and anger control factors ranged between 0.51-0.79 in the Yemeni sample and 0.66-0.81 in the Tunisian sample. Overall, items loaded on the anger control factor included all items proposed by the original authors and this factor had higher reliability than the other two factors in both samples. The results of the current study provide initial support for the use of the trait anger and anger expression scales of the STAXI in Arabic-speaking countries.

This study focused on reviewing trait anger and level of anger expression styles of students who studied atSchoolofPhysical Educationand Sports of Adnan Menderes University during 2016-2017 academic year in terms of some variables. As data collection tools; “Personal Information Form” and “Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale” –designed by Spielberger et al. (1988) and adapted by Ozer (1994) into Turkish- were employed. Participants’ trait anger and anger expression styles were compared in relation to sex, education type (daytime education vs. evening education), playing sports, sportive branches and academic departments. The population of the study was composed of a total of 981 participants who studied at the school of physical education and sports of Adnan Menderes University during 2016-2017 academic year; 633 of whom were male students while 348 of them were female students. Sample of the study was composed of a total of 541 SPES students; 351 of whom were male students while 190 of them were female students. The analyses of the data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 statistical software. As a result of the normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov - Shapiro-Wilk) done at p<0.05 inorder to explore whether or not data followed a normal distribution; it was determined that data did not follow a normal distribution. For the analyses of the data that did not follow a normal distribution; Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis Tests were performed at p<0.05 for the differences among the groups and thus findings of the study were found. As a result; it was identified that no generalizations about anger and anger expression styles could be made for the participant students of the School of Physical Education and Sports of Adnan Menderes University in terms of sex variable but anger levels of male students were higher, participation in physical education, physical activities and recreational activities reduced anger level, students of recreation department demonstrated higher level of anger as compared to students of other academic departments, sedentary life styles elevated anger level and anger level did not differ in terms of playing team sports or individual sports. Article visualizations:

Palliative care is a comprehensive service that includes not only the patient but also the caregivers. This research was carried out to determine the relationship and factors affecting the burden and anger level of informal caregivers of patients. This descriptive study was conducted with caregivers (n=206) of patients hospitalised in two Palliative Care Centers in Ordu, Türkiye. In the research, it was determined that there was a statistically significant relationship between the burden of caregivers and the trait anger level, anger-in, anger-out sub-dimension scores of The Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale, but a negative relationship was found between the burden of caregivers and anger control sub-dimension scores of The Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale. The burden of a caregiving process has a positive impact on the trait anger level, anger-in, anger-out but has a negative impact on anger control. Nurses should monitor a caregiver's level of anger and burden and develop programmes required to decrease the caregiver's anger level and burden.

Objective: To evaluate medical and surgical residents’ anger levels with regard to the department in which they worked, seniority, sex, satisfaction with their work environment, and the number of nightshifts...

This study aimed to examine the impact of perceived caregiver burden and associated factors on the anger levels and anger expression styles of family caregivers for patients receiving palliative care at home. This cross-sectional and exploratory correlational type study was conducted with 343 family caregivers. Data were collected face-to-face between March and September 2022 using a Caregiver and Care Recipient Information Form, the Burden Interview, and the Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale. There was a significant from very weak to weak correlation between the caregiver burden scores and trait anger, anger-in, anger-out, and anger control scores. The caregiver burden increased trait anger, anger-in, and anger-out while decreasing anger control. The caregiver burden, daily caregiving hours, presence of another dependent at home, presence of a separate room for the care recipient, income level, chronic illness of caregiver, duration of caregiving per month, and care recipient gender explained 17.2% of the total variation in anger control scores. The caregiver burden levels and anger expression styles of family caregivers vary depending on the characteristics of both the caregiver and the care recipient. Family members may experience an increase in perceived caregiver burden, which can lead to elevated levels of trait anger, suppression of anger, and reduced anger control. Healthcare professionals should monitor the family caregivers' caregiver burden and anger levels. Family caregivers should be encouraged and given opportunities to express their feelings and thoughts about caregiving. Strategies aimed at reducing the caregiver burden and coping with feelings of anger should be planned for the family members of patients receiving palliative care at home.

The aim of this study is to investigate the perceived stress, sport motivation, trait anger and anger expression in women football players. A total of 38 women footballers participated in the study, 19 in the first league and 19 in the second league. Personal Information Form, Perceived Stress Scale, Sports Motivation Scale and Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale were used to collect the data. IBM SPSS 21 software was used to evaluate the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov was used for normality, Levene test was used for variance, statistical significance level was determined as p<0.05, One-way analysis of variance ANOVA and post-hoc Scheffe test was applied. According to the league variable, it was found that there was a statistical difference in the subscales of perceived insufficient self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation, trait anger, anger out, and anger control (p<0.05). When the mean scores according to the age variable were examined, a statistically significant difference was observed in the identification subdimension (p<0.05). When the mean scores of the people who live together are examined, there is a statistically significant difference in the intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation subscales (p<0.05). When the score averages are examined according to the sports experience year variable, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the subscales of amotivation and anger control (p<0.05). In the study, only one training effect is examined. The stress levels, motivation and anger levels of women footballers should be checked at the beginning of the league, between the circuit and the beginning of the second half. Similar studies can be done with female athletes from different leagues or branches.

ObjectiveThis study was carried out in a cross‐sectional and correlational design to explore the relationship between anxiety levels and anger expression styles of nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsThe sample of this cross‐sectional and correlational type of study consisted of 618 nurses calculated with the snowball sampling method. The data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researchers, the state anxiety inventory, and the trait anger and anger expression scale and was conducted between May 10 and 20, 2020 using an online questionnaire form. Percentage, mean, standard deviation, the Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to evaluate the data.ResultsThe mean age of nurses was 34.98 ± 8.36 years (min: 20; max: 53), 87.4% were women, and 81.7% experienced a high level of anxiety. The anger scores of the participants were found to be 20.04 ± 4.43, the anger‐in score was 15.55 ± 3.34, the anger‐out score was 14.01 ± 2.87, and the anger control score was 22.93 ± 3.6. Being married, the presence of chronic disease, living in the Marmara region, working shifts, presence of an individual over 65 years of age at home, and having a COVID‐19 test were found to be risk factors that significantly increase nurses' anxieties. A significant positive relationship was found between the anxiety scores, trait anger (r = 0.249, p = 0.000), anger‐in (r = 0.174, p = 0.000) and anger‐out (r = 0.205, p = 0.000) scores of nurses, and a significant negative relationship was found between the anxiety scores and anger control (r = 0.249, p = 0.000) score.ConclusionThe study revealed that in the COVID‐19 pandemic the anxiety levels of the nurses were high and that the high anxiety level negatively affected the style of anger expression, but the nurses were successful in maintaining anger control. In line with these results, it is important that nurses develop effective coping strategies to reduce their anxiety levels and that they receive increased levels of support in managing anger expression.

This study was designed to examine the relation of trait anger and anger expression to blood pressure, cholesterol, and depression in middle-aged Korean women. This descriptive correlational design was conducted using a convenient sample taken from the health center of K University Hospital located in Kyungki province, Korea. The subjects were 252 women aged 40 to 64 years. Spielberger's state trait anger expression inventory--Korean version and Beck's depression inventory were used for measuring trait anger, state anger, anger expression and depression. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation, two-way ANOVA, and cluster analysis using a pc-SAS program. The anger expression types by cluster analysis were Anger out/in type, Low anger expression type, and Anger control type. The level of cholesterol and depression were significantly higher in women with high anger in and high trait anger. In addition, the level of depression was significantly higher in women with a high anger temperament. Trait anger and anger in might be related to cholesterol and depression in women. However, this study does not reveal the relation between blood pressure and trait anger and anger expression.

The cardiovascular reactivation to a recently described videogame task i.e. a maze test was evaluated in the time and frequency-domain using finger blood pressure (BP) measurement in 25 subjects on no medication, including 6 subjects with mild hypertension. Prior to BP measures subjects completed the items of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory questionnaire corresponding to the trait anger and anger expression scales. The BP recording session was divided into resting, test and recovery periods. A detrending procedure was applied to each recording prior to the fast Fourier transform. Systolic BP (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were increased during the test. The mid-frequency (MF,0.1 Hz) components of SBP and HR variability were also elevated during the stressful period. In resting conditions SBP levels of subjects with low trait anger was lower than in subjects with high trait anger (128i4 mmHg, n=14 versus 148i4 mmHg, n =l l, Pc0.01, Student t test). Nevertheless the average SBP increase due to the stress was of similar magnitude in these two subgroups(14 mmHg). A significant negative relationship was observed between anger-out expression score and the MF SBP variation(r=-0.46, PcO.05). A significant negative relation was found between anger-in mode of expression and the HR peak during the test(r=-0.43, PcO.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that individuals who are often in anger-provoking situations (high trait anger) should have heightened BP.Two different patterns of cardiovascular responses (SBP variability and HR levels) were observed for the outward and inward mode of expression of anger. This may reflect a different psychological control of HR levels and BP variability.

In this study, it was intended to evaluate the effect of childhood trauma on the anger status of university students. A total of 323 students who were studying in a University, Department of Nursing were included in this cross-sectional study. All data were collected by using Descriptive Information Form, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale. Data were analyzed by using numerical and percentage values, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman Correlation Analysis. It was found that mean total score of Childhood Traumatic Events Scale was 102.26, mean score of emotional abuse and neglect was 59.96, mean score of physical abuse was 33.18 and mean score of sexual abuse was 9.11. Mean trait anger score of students was found to be 22.67; and mean scores of anger-out, anger-in and anger control, that are the subdimensions of anger expression styles, were found to be 17.16, 16.58 and 21.57, respectively. When the relationship between childhood traumatic events of the students and their trait anger and the forms of anger expression was examined, it was determined that their trait anger levels increased (p=0.000, r=0.203), and they reflected their anger more (p=0.000, r=0.217) as their exposure to traumatic events increased. According to the results of this study, it was found that mean score of Childhood Traumatic Events Scale was was high. Key Words: University student, Childhood Traumatic Events, Anger status

A descriptive correlational study was designed to examine the relationship of trait anger and anger expression to blood pressure, cholesterol, and depression in middle-aged Korean men. In addition, this study investigated the mediating effect of social support in relation to anger and other variables. Two hundred and ninety nine men aged 40 to 64 years were recruited from a health center at K University Hospital located in Ansan City, Kyungki province, Korea. The instruments used were Spielberger's state trait anger expression inventory-the Korean version for trait anger and anger expression, Beck's depression inventory for depression, and a Personal resource questionnaire for perceived social support. Men with high trait anger showed significantly higher systolic blood pressure(BP) and diastolic BP. The level of cholesterol did not have a significant relationship with trait anger and anger expression. The severity of depression was significantly higher in men with high trait anger or more frequent uses of anger-in or anger-out. The perceived social support had a significant mediating effect in relation to trait anger and depression. Various nursing interventions for managing anger or improving social support need to be developed in a future study.

Cross-sectional study design involving completion of self-report measures. To investigate the relationship between perceived injustice, post-traumatic stress symptoms and depression in a sample of individuals receiving inpatient rehabilitation care following hospitalization for acute spinal cord injury (SCI), as well as the mediating role of anger variables. Inpatient rehabilitation program in a large urban city in the Southwestern United States. A sample of 53 participants with an average of 204.51 days (s.d.=410.67, median=56) post injury occurrence completed measures of perceived injustice, depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms as well as measures of trait anger, state anger, anger inhibition and anger expression. Perceived injustice was significantly correlated with depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms, and accounted for unique variance in depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms when controlling for demographic and injury-related variables. Anger inhibition was found to mediate the relationship between perceived injustice and depression. Trait anger and anger expression were found to mediate the relationship between perceived injustice and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Consistent with previous research, perceived injustice was associated with greater depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms. The results support previous findings that anger inhibition mediates between perceived injustice and depression, and provides novel findings regarding mediation of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Results provide preliminary evidence for the role of perceived injustice in SCI and potential mechanisms by which it may exert its effects.