Abstract
Dose escalation using high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) is an established treatment method for prostate cancer. First, long-term results were previously published (specific Kiel method). This study aims to evaluate 10-/15-year outcomes of Kiel Protocol 1 (1986-1992). Conformal external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was delivered to the pelvis (50Gy per conventional fractionation) along with an HDR boost to the prostate amounting to a combined biologic equivalent dose in 2Gy per fraction of 117.25Gy (α/β= 3). The HDR-BT was performed in two fractions of 15Gy to the peripheral zone of McNeal. The EBRT-clinical target volume covered the full pelvis. The analyzed cohort totaled 122 patients. The reported end points were overall/cancer-specific survival, local recurrence/distant metastasis rates, and biochemical (BC) control rates according to American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology/Phoenix definitions. All end points were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test in univariate analyses. The mean follow-up time was 116.8months. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were 81%, 62.1%, and 45% for overall survival; 92.1%, 83.1%, and 75.3% for cancer-specific survival; 92.5%, 91.4%, and 83.9% for local recurrence-free survival; and 83.8%, 81.2%, and 69.8% for distant metastasis-free survival, respectively. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology-defined BC tumor control rates at 5, 10, and 15years were 81.1%, 74%, and 67.8%, respectively. According to Phoenix, the BC control rates at 5, 10, and 15years were 77.8%, 69%, and 63.6%, respectively. The long-term results for the combination of HDR-BT and EBRT continue to show excellent results, providing high equivalent dose in 2Gy per fraction and high disease control rates. These outcomes were reproducible for the extended follow-up period ranging up to 21.9years.
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