That’s enough about ethnography!

Na antropologia e em outras disciplinas, “etnografia” tornou-se um termo tão sobreutilizado a ponto de ter perdido boa parte do seu sentido. Argumenta-se que atribuir “etnograficidade” aos encontros com aqueles entre os quais se realiza a pesquisa – e ao trabalho de campo de modo geral – é colocar em risco o compromisso ontológico e o propósito educacional da antropologia enquanto disciplina, bem como da sua principal maneira de trabalhar, a observação participante. Também significa reproduzir uma distinção perniciosa entre aqueles om os quais se estuda e se aprende dentro e fora da academia, respectivamente. É essa obsessão da antropologia com a etnografia que tem, mais que qualquer outra coisa, solapado a sua voz pública. Para recuperá-la, deve-se reafirmar o seu valor enquanto disciplina orientada para o futuro, dedicada a recompor a ruptura entre imaginação e vida real.

This paper is a reflection of an innovative project that complements existing higher education for sustainable development (HESD) approaches within universities by providing an alternative path to embed sustainable lifestyles within the student population. It presents the SLEUTH project; an initiative born out of the need to reduce energy consumption of students at university but that, due to its systemic design, transforms and goes beyond purely energy reduction and brings Happiness as an approach to build sustainable lifestyles. This is the distinct feature of this initiative, proposing it as adding value to existing HESD approaches. The paper describes and discusses the collaborative building process, implementation and results in detail. The experiences gathered during the project are used and analysed through ‘participant observation’, ‘documents’, ‘questionnaires’ and ‘theme-ing coding’ techniques as a means to understand the richness and diversity of the data resulting from a combination of formal and informal learning settings. Through empirical evidence, this analysis presents ‘real life’ evidence to suggest, firstly the initiative’s design success, its impact on energy consumption and contribution to happiness and sustainable lifestyles. Secondly, a successful example for the contribution to existing HESD frameworks that move away from indoctrination and instead leans towards pro-activeness, self-organisation and voluntary collective action.

In this chapter I explore the ‘lived realities’ of consensual ‘SM’ and its ‘subjugated knowledges’. The first section presents an overview of the research methods I applied within the empirical part of the research on consensual ‘SM’. The following sections introduce the reader to the subjects of my sample and also illustrate the different social reactions towards the label of ‘Sadomasochism’ and how they impact on individual lives. Topics around which data accumulated that was collected during interviews and ‘participant observation’ provide the ‘grounded’ structure of the next sections. These are: modes of self-understanding; motivations for the engagement in consensual ‘SM’; consensual ‘SM’ on the Scene in London; the learning processes of consensual ‘SM’; and, changes within the Scene around consensual ‘SM’ in London.KeywordsSocial ConstructionCorporal PunishmentSocial ReactionMainstream SocietySymbolic PlayThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

With global incorporation, the face of the Third World is being reshaped. This investigation focuses on the alternations caused by neo-liberal globalization and asks “how and why are the geographical landscapes of the Third World being remoulded?” Based on research conducted in the Caribbean nation of Trinidad and Tobago, involving a household survey of economically-stressed neighbourhoods and an examination of national newspaper content, the investigation employs these private and public voices, along with participant observation, in order to uncover the survival tactics employed by the country's citizens. These coping strategies have altered the face of the nation. This revised landscape reflects the blending of the legacy of the recent past with the modifications resulting from efforts to survive in the new economy. Underlying the investigation is the quest to give economic, political, and human events unfolding in the Third World a geographical expression—thus linking pattern and process, as the face of the nation is reshaped by survival strategies into the “landscapes of coping.”

This paper describes a youth-centered activist project with a group of young women in Brooklyn, NY, and the controversy surrounding it. In 1999 the young women created a neighborhood mural with anti-violence themes. Within 6 months of the mural’s dedication, the mural was whitewashed by the corporate owner of the mural wall. Using content and discourse analysis of archival materials, organizational documents, and ethnographic fieldnotes from participant observation, I argue that the teen women’s representations of violence were denied through the shifting understandings of their ages and assumptions about conflict resolution strategies. I offer reflections on the need for careful planning and reflection in youth participatory projects and the meanings of success and social change in these projects.

A professional layman speculates on the role of public voice in medical care--on ways of making organizations responsive to the public's wishes. Research conducted as a participant observer in the functioning of human subjects committees, hospital trustees, and a government regulatory body reveals the public interest to be no match for the special interest. Unusual proposals are offered to improve the public's control mechanisms; the marketplace and the polling place may yet serve well.

To give clarity to the analysis of participant observation in nursing when implementing the grounded theory method. Participant observation (PO) is a method of collecting data that reveals the reality of daily life in a specific context. In grounded theory, interviews are the primary method of collecting data but PO gives a distinctive insight, revealing what people are really doing, instead of what they say they are doing. However, more focus is needed on the analysis of PO. An observational study carried out to gain awareness of nursing care and its electronic documentation in four acute care wards in hospitals in Finland. Discussion of using the grounded theory method and PO as a data collection tool. The following methodological tools are discussed: an observational protocol, jotting of notes, microanalysis, the use of questioning, constant comparison, and writing and illustrating. Each tool has specific significance in collecting and analysing data, working in constant interaction. Grounded theory and participant observation supplied rich data and revealed the complexity of the daily reality of acute care. In this study, the methodological tools provided a base for the study at the research sites and outside. The process as a whole was challenging. It was time-consuming and it required rigorous and simultaneous data collection and analysis, including reflective writing. Using these methodological tools helped the researcher stay focused from data collection and analysis to building theory. Using PO as a data collection method in qualitative nursing research provides insights. It is not commonly discussed in nursing research and therefore this study can provide insight, which cannot be seen or revealed by using other data collection methods. Therefore, this paper can produce a useful tool for those who intend to use PO and grounded theory in their nursing research.

Sarah Winnemucca, a Paiute Indian born around the year 1844, crossed cultural boundaries and became an influential voice within both white and Indian societies. This thesis employs a settler colonial framework that places the sexuality and rape of native women at the center of colonial relations in the settlement of the Americas. Viewed through this lens I perform an in-depth analysis of Winnemucca's gendered critique of colonialism that focused on sexual violence. Rather than the unstable, mixed messages of native resistance and assimilation emphasized by earlier scholars, I argue that Winnemucca purposefully employed a strategy of oppositional conformity to publicize an unwavering political message that championed Paiute sovereignty, exposed white cruelty, and re-wrote the dominant gendered, racial, political and cultural constructs that bound Native American women's identity. The introduction begins with a brief history of Winnemucca's life and accomplishments. In the introduction I also address the authenticity of Winnemucca's published narrative, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims (1883) and identify the constraints of the settler colonial lens through which I view Winnemucca's public voice. In chapter one I argue that Winnemucca's narrative employs the gendered moral rhetoric of the colonizer to cultivate white audience receptiveness, while simultaneously criticizing whites for their brutality against Indians. In chapter two I assert that Winnemucca employed multiple political strategies to cut away at Euro-American settlers' moral justifications for colonialism, and that she articulated a unique vision of Paiute citizenship that rejected complete Indian assimilation. In chapter three I highlight the ways in which Winnemucca used her public voice to articulate rape and the sexuality of Indian women as a foundational part of colonialism hidden from view in the media coverage of the Indian wars of the late nineteenth century. Unlike her biographers, who mostly overlook Winnemucca's public challenge to the negative sexual stereotypes that plagued Indian women during Winnemucca's lifetime, I argue that Indian women's sexuality was a foundational theme in Winnemucca's public discourse. Winnemucca grasped and resisted the gendered dimensions of colonialism and her consistent focus on this theme echoed in her lived reality. Finally, I conclude that ultimately personal accusations as well as her inability to escape the heathen identity forced on Indians by Christian reformers thwarted the success of Winnemucca's political message.

Fieldwork is the best approach to research about the lived reality and/or performance of religion. The core method of fieldwork is participant observation, sometimes supported by interviews and other qualitative methods. Fieldwork results in rich description of religious activities that is theoretically informed and contributes significantly to academic debate. The history and recent practice of fieldwork in religious studies provides examples for neophyte and experienced researchers. Participation, presence, reflexivity and dialogue are key themes in recent discussions of fieldwork practice. Fieldwork approaches to religious people and activities include gaining rapport, practicing epoche, building and maintaining empathy, paying attention, being present, recording and analyzing data, dialogue about emerging understandings, and polishing the literary and other presentations of results.

The success of education is marked by outputs that lead to the realization of morality and character formation in real life. Religious knowledge is part of the process of internalizing the character of students. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Aims to describe, and analyze the planning, implementation, and internationalization model of character values through learning Ta'lim Al Muta'alim at Madrasah Nurul Muttaqin Bojonegoro. As primary data sources are the head of the madrasah, waka curriculum, and teachers, data collection through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis through data collection, condensation, data display, and data verification. The results of this study are as follows: (1) The planning includes; a) material, b) objectives, c) learning methods, and d) needs analysis in learning. (2) The process of internalizing character values through learning the book of Ta'lim Al-Mut'allim uses three stages: 1) Value transformation. At this stage, the focus is on understanding the value material in the Ta'lim Al-Mut'allim book. 2) Value transaction occurs two-way reciprocal interaction between students and teachers actively. 3) Character trans-internalization stage. At this stage, the teacher and students begin to correlate the character values in the Kitab Ta'lim Al-Mut'allim, which can be implemented in real life. (3) The internalization model of character values through learning the book of Ta'lim Al-Mut'allim using the Tadzkiroh model, (2) Istiqomah Model, (3) Iqra-Fikir-Dhikr Model.

The Walking Dead in Chaucer's <i>Knight's Tale</i>

In looking for "real life" undergraduate student design projects engineering educators may overlook projects which have a "real life" educational purpose within the University. Such "educationally useful" projects can provide the stimulus for very motivating student design experiences. In this paper the concept of "educationally useful" student design projects is formulated and three examples are included to illustrate this concept. The goal of this paper is to illustrate through these examples how the academic environment can provide the stimulus for excellent "real life" student design projects. The advantages of these projects to the student and to the educational process are described.

This study explores the factors that improve the communication competence of nursing students who participated in a basic subject class related to multicultural education, focusing on a particular medium. For this purpose, the students enrolled in a basic subject class of multicultural education at A University were selected as the research subjects. The research participants were 47 nursing students who participated in this class, and it was conducted as a mixed study. This class is conducted in a ‘flipped’ learning manner, and was established to cultivate communication competencies from the perspective of inter-cultural communication based on question generation and conversation. The results of the survey showed that interpretation competence, role performance competence, and self-presentation competence improved significantly on a statistical basis after the class. Although goal setting competence and message conversion competence were not significant among the students, their scores increased after they took the class. The researcher collected data through participatory observation, from the learners' task performance results, and through FGI analysis (what does this stand for?). The results of analyzing the data are as follows. First, the activity of generating questions in small groups was linked to new meaning-creating communication competencies. Second, communication is not simply a matter of information exchange efficiency, but is promoted more in the relationship of teamwork and cooperation. Third, communication competency for the students improved during the process of them reaching an agreement through conversation in a practical sense. Finally, a practical teaching method was proposed to improve their communication competency and to expand and apply these methods to their real lives.

Civic orientation has become one of the dominant immigrant integration policies in western Europe, with the aim of transmitting knowledge, norms, and values, thereby furthering “integration” into the new country. However, there is a not much research regarding how the educational content is communicated and negotiated in civic orientation courses in practice. This article aims to bring more empirically based knowledge in this field. The case study discussed in this article explores one specific module, entitled “nature and environment”, in civic orientation courses for newly arrived adults in Sweden. This is done through participatory observations in the courses, both in classrooms in real life and on the internet and exploring in detail the negotiations between the civic orientation communicators and the course participants. The analyses show how a real “success story” of Sweden and its citizens is constructed through an overall discourse of Swedes high awareness of the environment and nature, not least through comparisons between geographical spaces in the world. The analyses also re-veal antagonistic voices about the content, although these are not particularly strong. We suggest that there is an urgent need to critically reflect on the aim, content, and teaching practices of civic orientation courses for newly arrived migrants, as these more seem to contribute to the Swedish nation’s reproduction of “banal nationalism”.

Islam teaches many things about life, including moral education which touches on good attitudes in respecting differences between religions. Religious tolerance instilled in children from an early age will have an impact on real life in the future. The educational environment plays a significant role in teaching children the value of religious tolerance. The aim of this research is to examine forms of cultivating the character of religious tolerance in young children at the Pembina Padang Lawas State Kindergarten. This research is qualitative research with data collection techniques, namely participant observation and in-depth interviews. The results of this research state that cultivating the character of religious tolerance in early childhood is carried out with three activities, namely creating peace, respecting individual differences and building awareness. Aspects of peace include caring for others, not being afraid to defend others and loving others. The aspect of respecting individual differences includes respecting other people who are praying and carrying out worship activities in accordance with the teachings of their religion. Meanwhile, the awareness aspect includes being willing to accept suggestions and input, returning kindness to other people and being comfortable doing activities with other people. The implementation of these three activities is carried out by strengthening religious formation in the morning, cultivating prayer before and after learning, active collaboration with parents in cultivating the character of religious tolerance in children.