Abstract
Aim:The study was conducted to evaluate the pathological effects of trypanosomosis on the testes, gonadal, and epididymal sperm reserves of Yankasa rams for 98 days.Materials and Methods:A total of 16 Yankasa rams, aged between 24 and 30 months and weighed between 22 and 25 kg, were acclimatized for a period of 2-months in a clean fly proof house and were adequately fed and given water ad-libitum. Of the 16 rams, 12 that were clinically fit for the experiment at the end of the acclimatization period were randomly divided into four groups: Groups I, II, III, and IV, each having 3 rams. Groups I and II were each challenged singly with experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Federer strain) and Trypanosoma evansi (Sokoto strain), respectively, while Group III was challenged with mixed T. brucei brucei and T. evansi parasites (50% of each species in the infective inoculum) and Group IV was left as an uninfected control. Each infected ram received 2 mL of the infected blood containing 2×106 trypomastigotes via the jugular vein, while the control group received 2 mL each, normal saline.Results:All the infected rams developed clinical signs typical of trypanosomosis at varying pre-patent periods. The gross lesions observed in the infected rams in Group II were moderate and more severe in those of Groups I and III. Histological sections of the testes of infected rams (Groups I, II, and III) showed moderate (T. evansi-infected group) to severe (mixed and T. brucei brucei-infected groups) testicular degenerations with reduction in number of spermatogenic cell layers, degenerated seminiferous tubules, congested interlobular spaces, loss of tissue architecture with significant (p<0.01) depletion, and loss of gonadal and epididymal sperm reserves in Groups I and III in comparison to Group II and the control Group IV. No observable clinical signs and histopathological lesions were found in those rams of the control Group IV.Conclusion:The study concluded that trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei brucei or T. evansi or mixed infections (of both parasites) caused testicular damage, decreased epididymal and gonadal sperm reserves and an important cause of infertility in Yankasa rams.
Highlights
Pathogenic animal trypanosomes are causative agents of the most common livestock diseases which have an important economic impact on many African countries
By day 49 p.i., 1 ram (R6) in Group II (T. evansi) began to lose its body condition, and balance because it could not stand on its limbs
The remaining 2 rams within the group (T. evansi) survived the infection up to the end of the experiment as they began to recover, evidenced by gradual gain in weight, gradual increase in packed cell volumes (PCV) value and the animals appeared normal by the end of the experiment with absence of parasitemia in peripheral blood circulation
Summary
Pathogenic animal trypanosomes are causative agents of the most common livestock diseases which have an important economic impact on many African countries. These diseases usually cause debilitating symptoms manifested by anemia and cachexia which may result in death. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Apart from hematological and pathogenic aberrations that do occur in animals infected with the parasites, recent studies show that they cause a wide range of reproductive disorders in animals, including degeneration of the hypothalamus, pituitary glands, and gonads with consequent disruptions in the secretions and plasma concentrations of the hormones necessary for normal reproductive processes in both sexes [2,3]
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