Abstract
Scrotal pain and swelling represent a broad spectrum of urological conditions that demand swift, precise evaluation and intervention. This article systematically reviews conditions causing testicular pain or swelling, highlighting emergency, urgent, and routine presentations. Central to this discussion is testicular torsion, an emergency condition warranting immediate clinical diagnosis and potential surgical intervention. Other significant conditions include testicular cancer, epididymo-orchitis, inguinal hernia, haematocele, hydrocele, and varicocele, each with unique presentations, diagnostic pathways, and management strategies. Current guidelines are discussed and highlight the importance of clinical assessment over diagnostics where appropriate and emphasise prompt specialist referral when indicated. The article's primary aim is to guide healthcare professionals to effectively manage patients presenting with testicular pain and swelling, ensuring timely and effective patient care.
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