Abstract
Congenital anomalies can occur during the developmental stages of the embryo, from abnormal genetics passed on from the parents or from vivid environmental factors. While advanced technologies are able to detect chromosomal abnormalities, there are many unknown non-genetic variants. Teratogenic factors pose a greater risk to the fetus, as these abnormalities may go undetected until birth. These malformations are the origin of the infant's postnatal illness and disability. The defects can also lead to mortality. The loss can also affect families, as they are affected by not only the loss but also financially. Most of the teratogenic-induced anomalies, once detected, maybe rehabilitated naturally. Those who do require medical intervention pose their own risks, similar to those of infections. Therefore, environmental exposure to teratogens can create long-lasting effects that range from infertility, intrauterine growth restriction, structural defects, and functional central nervous system abnormalities that may lead to fetal death.
Highlights
HistoryEnvironmental factors work as teratogens to cause congenital disorders in a developing fetus
Teratogenic factors pose a greater risk to the fetus, as these abnormalities may go undetected until birth
While multifactorial congenital disorders stem from various sources, including obvious genetic factors, teratogens are solely triggered through conditions outside of the womb such as drugs, chemicals, or infections
Summary
Environmental factors work as teratogens to cause congenital disorders in a developing fetus. Like any other infections, Mumps can cause illness in infants if the mother contracted the virus during her early pregnancy stages. These sores will give a pathway for HIV transmission by mucosal and epithelial barriers If it is not diagnosed and treated during pregnancy, it can lead to serious illness to the fetus causing stillbirth, fetal loss, prematurity, low birth weight, neonatal and infant death, and many congenital diseases in newborns. In the pre-implantation stage, the fetus undergoes either intrauterine death or resorption or normal fetal risk, when the threshold is 100 mSv. During organogenesis from the third to eighth week after conception, the risk rate decreases and may replace with congenital anomalies in developing organ systems. Physical defects include deformities of joints, limbs, fingers, vision difficulty, small brain size, head circumference, heart defects, kidney problems, bone defects, distinctive facial features, small eyes, thin upper lip, upturned nose, etc. [31]
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