Temporal variations of the segmentation of slow to intermediate spreading mid‐ocean ridges 1. Synoptic observations based on satellite altimetry data

Abstract

The high‐resolution geoid and gravity maps derived from ERS‐1 and Geosat satellite geodetic missions reveal a set of small‐scale lineations on the flanks of slow to intermediate spreading mid‐ocean ridges. Assuming that these lineations reflect the variations in crustal structure induced by mid‐ocean ridge axial discontinuities, we use them to investigate how the discontinuities, and the segments they bound, appear, migrate, and disappear. We provide a synoptic description of the main characteristics of the crustal structure variations, as well as their evolution in time, over the flanks of the Mid‐Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific‐Antarctic Ridges. The second‐order segment length does not appear to vary with the spreading rate for the slow to intermediate spreading ridges investigated here. The amplitude of the gravity signal associated with off‐axis discontinuity traces increases with the obliquity of the ridge to spreading and decreases with spreading rate and with the proximity of a ridge section to a hot spot. The patterns of the gravity lineations appear to be very homogeneous over 500‐ to 1000‐km‐large corridors bounded by large fracture zones. Far from hot spots, corridors are characterized either by segments bounded by discontinuities migrating back and forth along the axis, implying a lifetime of 10–30 Myr for the segments, or by segments and discontinuities very stable in space and time, surviving for 40–50 Myr. Closer to hot spots, the segmentation is affected in two ways. First, segments tend to migrate along axis away from hot spots, or toward cold spots. Second, asymmetric spreading tends to keep sections of ridges closer to hot spots than normal spreading would. These observations support the hypothesis that ridge segmentation and its evolution are controlled by mantle dynamics. Our analysis provides observational constraints for further models of crustal production along ridges, which are presented in the companion paper by Rabinowicz and Briais [2002].