Abstract
BackgroundInequalities among the western population, combined with the introduction of new treatment options for cancer, have challenged endeavors to provide equal care to patients with cancer. Israel’s highly developed healthcare system and mandatory National Health Insurance afforded an opportunity to study geographic variation over time in mortality following cancer diagnosis.MethodsThis historical prospective cohort study included a nationally representative cohort that was assessed by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics 1995 census and followed until 2011. The cancer incidence (1995–2009) was ascertained by the Israel National Cancer Registry. We analyzed the effect on patient outcome of living in a given district, according to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics classification. Patients were stratified by the year of diagnosis (1995–1997, 1998–2000, etc.), and associations were adjusted for age, ethnicity, and districts. We excluded patients with malignancies associated with screening program (breast, prostate, colon, and cervical cancers).ResultsThis study included 26,173 patients living in 13 residential districts. During the last years (2007–2009) of the study, the hazard ratio (HR) for risk of death was high in 8/13 districts (61.5%), compared to 4/13 (30.7%) during 2004–2006, and 0/13 (0%) during 2001–2003. Districts that were less likely to be associated with increased risk of death were located in the center of Israel and in metropolitan areas, compared to the peripheral regions. Furthermore, HRs were substantially higher in the last years of the study (2007–2009, HRs rose to 1.69, 95%CI: 1.38–2.08) compared to the earlier years (2004–2006, HRs rose to 1.35, 95%CI: 1.13–1.62).ConclusionOur findings suggested that geographic variation for mortality following cancer diagnosis have increased over time. Our results provide policy makers with vital information regarding the need for targeted interventions, mainly in peripheral regions.
Highlights
Inequalities among the western population, combined with the introduction of new treatment options for cancer, have challenged endeavors to provide equal care to patients with cancer
This study investigated the following hypotheses: (1) geographic variations in mortality risk among districts will increase over the study period; and (2) mortality risk following a cancer diagnosis are likely to be elevated in peripheral districts compared to metropolitan areas
The study population included 26,173 patients diagnosed with cancer not associated screening program during the years 1995–2009
Summary
Inequalities among the western population, combined with the introduction of new treatment options for cancer, have challenged endeavors to provide equal care to patients with cancer. Patients with cancer travel long distances to major cancer centers for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. They incur outof-pocket costs for traveling and accommodations [2]. Patients with cancer that live in affluent regions have shown higher survival rates than patients that live in deprived regions [3]. This association was validated, even in countries with rather comprehensive access to health care for all population groups [3,4,5,6]
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