Abstract
Backward jump-landing during sports performance will result in dynamic postural instability with a greater risk of injury, and most research studies have focused on forward landing. Differences in kinematic temporal characteristics between single-leg and double-leg backward jump-landing are seldom researched and understood. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze lower extremity kinematic differences throughout the landing phases of forward and backward jumping using single-leg and double-leg landings (FS and BS, FD and BD). Kinematic data were collected during the landing phases of FS and BS, FD and BD in 45 participants. Through statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis, we found that the BS showed smaller hip and knee flexion and greater vertical ground reactive force (VGRF) than the FS during 0–37.42% (p = 0.031), 16.07–32.11% (p = 0.045), and 23.03–17.32% (p = 0.041) landing phases. The BD showed smaller hip and knee flexion than the FD during 0–20.66% (p = 0.047) and 0–100% (p < 0.001) landing phases. Most differences appeared within a time frame during the landing phase at 30–50 ms in which non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are thought to occur and are consistent with the identification of risk in biomechanical analysis. A landing strategy that consciously increases the knee and hip flexion angles during backward landing should be considered for people as a measure to avoid injury during the performance of this type of physical activity.
Highlights
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur commonly in sports, such as basketball, volleyball, football, etc., 70% of which are non-contact injuries [1,2,3]
Based on the few studies that have focused on backward landing biomechanics, the purpose of this study was to compare and analyze sagittal- and frontal-plane ankle, knee, and hip motions and vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) throughout the landing phases of forward and backward jumping using a single-leg and double-leg landing (FS and BS, forward double-leg landing (FD) and BD) using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 1D analysis and conventional discrete kinematic analysis
Our results show that BS and BD depicted a smaller knee and hip flexion angle than those of forward single-leg landing (FS) and FD, and these differences were significant, corresponding to the
Summary
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur commonly in sports, such as basketball, volleyball, football, etc., 70% of which are non-contact injuries [1,2,3]. These injuries often affect athletic performance in the competitive arena and have negative effects on careers [4]. Landing from height is one of the most important risk factors for ACL injury, especially during jump-landing activities. Different landing patterns may have great impact on the loadings associated with the ligaments and joints of the lower limbs and an unreasonable landing mode usually causes functional valgus collapse [9,10].
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