Abstract
To generalize the applicability of the temporal characterization technique called “tunneling ionization with a perturbation for the time-domain observation of an electric field” (TIPTOE), the technique is examined in the multicycle regime over a broad wavelength range, from the UV to the IR range. The technique is rigorously analyzed first by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. Then, experimental verification is demonstrated over an almost 5-octave wavelength range at 266, 1800, 4000 and 8000 nm by utilizing the same nonlinear medium – air. The experimentally obtained dispersion values of the materials used for the dispersion control show very good agreement with the ones calculated using the material dispersion data and the pulse duration results obtained for 1800 and 4000 nm agree well with the frequency-resolved optical gating measurements. The universality of TIPTOE arises from its phase-matching-free nature and its unprecedented broadband operation range.
Highlights
To generalize the applicability of the temporal characterization technique called “tunneling ionization with a perturbation for the time-domain observation of an electric field” (TIPTOE), the technique is examined in the multicycle regime over a broad wavelength range, from the UV to the IR range
The first approach uses the optical response of a nonlinear material and includes techniques known as FROG1, SPIDER2, D-SCAN3, and others[4,5]
We demonstrate the universality of TIPTOE by applying it over a broad wavelength range from the UV range to the IR range in the chirped, multicycle regime and discuss the underlying basic theory
Summary
To generalize the applicability of the temporal characterization technique called “tunneling ionization with a perturbation for the time-domain observation of an electric field” (TIPTOE), the technique is examined in the multicycle regime over a broad wavelength range, from the UV to the IR range. The first approach uses the optical response of a nonlinear material (for example, second harmonic generation in a nonlinear crystal) and includes techniques known as FROG1, SPIDER2, D-SCAN3, and others[4,5] These methods are widely used in many applications because they can be implemented with a simple apparatus. The attosecond streak camera[10], petahertz optical oscilloscope[11] and ARIES12 fall into this category These methods support the complete temporal characterization of a laser field for a broad spectral range, including the UV, visible and IR ranges[13,14,15]; they require complex equipment in vacuum. The experimental results obtained at 1800 and 4000 nm are compared with the results obtained using the FROG technique
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