Temperature-dependent oviposition, development, and life table parameters of Lilioceris egena (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), biocontrol agent of air potato (Dioscoreales: Dioscoreaceae) in Florida

A Chinese biotype of Lilioceris cheni Gressitt and Kimoto (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is being mass reared and released in Florida for biological control of the invasive air potato vine, Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreales). Another biotype from Nepal is under investigation for determining whether its release would benefit the ongoing biological control program. We compared temperature-dependent development, fecundity, life table parameters, and consumption of the two biotypes in the laboratory. Both biotypes completed development at 20–30 °C, although survival of Chinese beetles was higher at 20 °C and 27.5 °C, and survival of Nepalese beetles was higher at 30 °C. In addition, Nepalese beetles developed at a faster rate at 20 °C, and consumed air potato foliage at a higher rate at 25 °C. The most important difference between the biotypes, with regard to biological control purposes, was the shorter generation time of Nepalese beetles, which resulted in a higher intrinsic rate of population increase, despite much higher fecundity of Chinese beetles. The higher intrinsic rate of increase of the Nepalese beetles may allow a more rapid population increase in the field, and thus, greater damage to air potato plants. However, differences in other life history traits, such as overwintering ability, diapause, and cold tolerance, will also influence field performance.

Development duration and reproduction rate of hawthorn spider mite Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher) were carried out on five different apple cultivars (Amasya (local cultivar), Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Starking Delicious and Starkrimson Delicious) at 25 degrees C, 65 +/- 10% RH and 16:8 L:D. In addition, the same parameters were determined on Golden Delicious leaves at three constant temperatures (20, 30 and 35 degrees C, 65 +/- 10% RH and 16:8 L:D) in the laboratory. A. viennensis showed a better performance on Golden Delicious than on the other apple cultivars. This was mainly due to a short development time (10.7 days), high daily egg production (5.2 eggs/female/day) and early reproduction peak. The highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was determined on the variety Golden Delicious (rm = 0.247/day), while the lowest one was observed on the variety Starking Delicious (rm = 0.215/day). The developmental periods of A. viennensis varied from 7.4 to 18.8 days at 35 and 20 degrees C for females, while it varied from 7.9 to 17.2 days at 30 and 20 degrees C for males. The development threshold of the eggs and pre-adult stages were 9.72 and 9.07 degrees C, total effective temperature was 72.99 and 185.18 degree-days, respectively. The mean generation time (To) of the population ranged from 16.13 days at 30 degrees C to 29.15 days at 20 degrees C. The net reproductive rate (R0) increased from 54.33 female/female at 20 degrees C to 78.34 female/female at 25 degrees C, and decreased to 75.71 female/female at 30 degrees C. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was reached at 30 C (rm = 0.268/day), the lowest one at 20 degrees C (rm = 0.136/day).

Reproductive and population parameters of melon flies, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett, oriental fruit flies, B. dorsalis Hendel, and Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were measured in environmental chambers maintained at temperatures of (maximum:minimum) 24:13, 24:24, 29:18, and 35:24 ± 1°C. Alternating temperature regimes more realistically approached the variation found in nature and produced higher parameters than an optimal constant temperature (24°C). Intra- and interspecific comparisons were done with 4 separate generations of wild fruit flies reared on a common natural host. All species attained their highest intrinsic rates of population increase at 29:18 or 35:24°C; C. capitata exhibited the highest intrinsic rates of increase at all temperature regimes. All species attained maximum net reproductive rates at 29:18°C, in the order C. capitata > B. dorsalis > B. cucurbitae. The 35:24°C regime caused reductions in net reproductive rates of all species, with B. dorsalis affected most strongly. Male longevity was greater than that of females for all species in all temperature regimes. Two distinctly different life history patterns were evident: (1) early reproduction, short life span, and a high intrinsic rate of increase (C. capitata), and (2) later onset of reproduction, longer life span, and a lower intrinsic rate of increase (B. cucurbitae).

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 光周期对两种色型豌豆蚜种群参数的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201412092435 作者: 作者单位: 甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院 兰州,甘肃农业大学草业学院 草业生态系统教育部重点实验室 兰州 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金博导类资助课题（20136202110007）；国家自然科学基金项目（31260433） Effect of photoperiod on population parameters of two color morphs of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Author: Affiliation: College of Resource and Environmental, Gansu Agricultural University,College of Grassland Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为探讨光周期对红绿两种色型豌豆蚜种群增长的影响，于室内模拟光周期22L：2D、16L：8D、10L：14D和4L：20D四个水平，研究了红绿两种色型豌豆蚜的发育、繁殖和生命表。结果表明：相对于其它光周期，在光周期22L：2D时，红绿两种色型豌豆蚜若蚜存活率最高，繁殖力最强；其红色型豌豆蚜种群增长内禀增长率（rm=0.3263）高于绿色型豌豆（rm=0.2863）。光周期16L：8D时，红色型豌豆蚜的若蚜存活率（72.22%）高于绿色型豌豆蚜（69.45%），而成蚜寿命（6.58d）较短；但绿色型豌豆蚜内禀增长率（rm=0.2648）高于红色型豌豆蚜（rm=0.2249），其种群繁殖力强。光周期10L：14D时，红色型豌豆蚜与绿色型豌豆蚜相比，若蚜存活率（80.55%）高，内禀增长率（rm=0.2490）高，种群增长力强，而绿色型豌豆蚜成蚜寿命（12.71d）较长。光周期4L：20D时，两种色型豌豆蚜若蚜存活率最低，繁殖力最弱，成蚜寿命显著延长；红色型豌豆蚜若蚜存活率（64.67%）高于绿色型（35.50%），成蚜没有产生后代；绿色型豌豆蚜内禀增长率（rm=-0.0366），其种群为负增长。综上，短光照条件（4L：20D）延长了两种色型豌豆蚜的若蚜发育历期及成蚜寿命，降低了若蚜存活率、繁殖力及生命表各项参数；长光照条件（22L：2D）缩短了两种色型豌豆蚜的若蚜发育历期及成蚜寿命，若蚜存活率高、繁殖力强；红色型豌豆蚜更适宜光周期10L：14D，而绿色型豌豆蚜更适宜光周期16L：8D。 Abstract:To investigate the effects of photoperiod on population growth of the red and green color morphs of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), the development, reproduction, and life table parameters were examined for various photoperiods (22 L:2 D, 16 L:8 D, 10 L:14 D, and 4 L:20 D), controlling for light intensity (103 μmol m-2 s-1). For the 22 L:2 D photoperiod, the red and green color morphs of the pea aphid had the highest nymphal survival rates (90.28% and 88.89% respectively), the shortest duration of development (5.63 d and 6.26 d), the highest net reproductive rates (49.3472 and 47.8103), the highest average fecundity (54.56 and 55.16), the highest maximum fecundity (121 and 112 offspring per female aphid), and the highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm =0.3263 and 0.2863, respectively). Population growth was higher for the red color morph than the green color morph for the 22 L:2 D photoperiod. For the 16 L:8 D photoperiod, the red color morph of the pea aphid had a higher nymphal survival rate (72.22%) and shorter adult longevity (6.58 d) than those of the green color morph (69.45% and 7.08 d, respectively). However, the green color morph had a higher intrinsic rate of increase (0.2648 vs. 0.2249), indicating a higher population fecundity of the green color morph than the red color morph for the particular photoperiod. For the 10 L:14 D photoperiod, the red color morph had a higher nymphal survival rate (80.55%) and intrinsic rate of increase (0.2490) than those of the green color morph (79.17% and 0.2277, respectively). However, the green color morph had a longer duration of development (7.92 d) and adult longevity (12.71 d) than those of the red color morph (7.60 and 6.88 d, respectively). For the shortest photoperiod (4 L:20 D), the red and green color morphs of the pea aphid had the lowest nymphal survival rate (64.67% and 35.50%, respectively) and the longest duration of development (13.26 and 13.61 d). Moreover, the red color morph did not produce offspring and had a fecundity of zero. However, its intrinsic rate of increase, -0.0366, indicated negative population growth of the green color morph. In conclusion, extremely short durations of light (4 L:20 D) can prolong development and adult longevity, but reduces nymphal survival rate and the intrinsic rate of increase of two pea aphid color morphs. However, extremely long durations of light (22 L:2 D photoperiod) resulted in shortened development and decreased adult longevity, but an increased nymphal survival rate and fecundity for the two pea aphid color morphs. Moreover, the 10 L:14 D photoperiod was a more suitable condition with respect to population growth for the red color morph, but for the green color morph a photoperiod of 16 L:8 D was better. Therefore, the results of this study may facilitate artificial breeding of pea aphids and the prevention and treatment of pea aphid attacks on field crops. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying the response to photoperiod differed between the red and green color morphs of pea aphids. Further studies are needed to examine these mechanisms. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

We collected developmental, survival, and reproduction data for Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) reared on faba bean, Vicia faba L. 'Sevilla' at four constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30°C), 70% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.4347 d(-1)) and finite rate (λ = 1.5445 d(-1)) were observed at 25°C. The population projection based on the age-stage, two-sex life table quantitatively revealed the growth potential and stage structure of the aphid. We have included the following suggestions to aid researchers in life table studies: 1) The bootstrap method should be used to estimate the variance and SEs of developmental time, survival rate, fecundity, and population parameters. 2) The required number of bootstraps is dependent on the life table data--the higher the variation among individuals, the higher the number of bootstraps should be. In most cases, we suggest that 100,000 bootstraps should be used to obtain a stable estimate of variance and SEs. 3) Computer projection based on the age-stage, two-sex life table should be used to reveal the stage structure during population growth. 4) We used a simple equation based on the total fecundity, survival rate to adult stage, and first reproductive age to detect possible errors in life table parameters. 5) To assist readers in comprehending results, life table studies should include the cohort size, preadult survival rate, number of emerged female adults, mean fecundity, survival and fecundity curves, and population parameters.

Alternating temperatures resulted in higher intrinsic rates of increase (rm) than constant temperatures within the range of temperature favourable for growth and reproduction of the pea aphid. This difference was due to slightly faster development and earlier attainment of maximum fecundity at alternating temperatures.Preliminary mathematical models relating rm to constant and alternating temperatures are derived. These are:for constant temperatures andfor alternating temperatures of 5°, 10°, and 15° amplitudes respectively. Average deviation between empirical and computed values is 2%. The efficacy of these models is restricted to temperatures favourable for development and reproduction of the pea aphid.

Measurements of toxicity based on individuals, such as the LC(50) (concentration that kills 50% of a population), and effects on reproduction are used extensively in determining ecological risk, in particular, for endangered or threatened species. An underlying assumption is that individual-based toxicity metrics for one species can be directly compared with that for another species. However, this assumption overlooks the fact that different species have different life-history strategies and variables, such as lifespan, time to first reproduction, and number of offspring produced over a lifetime. Using a simple model and laboratory-derived parameter values, we tested the impact of differences in life-history traits on predicted responses to stress. The model predicts the delay in population growth. We compared seven invertebrate species by imposing 50% chronic mortality, 50% reduction of offspring, and both of these effects. The model predicted substantial differences in population delay among all of the species. Furthermore, the intrinsic rate of increase of each population was negatively correlated with the delay in population growth; species with high intrinsic rates of increase were less susceptible to equal levels of stress than species with lower intrinsic rates of increase. These results suggest that the susceptibility of species to pollutants is more complicated than previously thought and that differences in life-history variables must be considered in analyses of population persistence for threatened and endangered species.

Development, survivorship, and reproduction of rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki), were measured at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. The developmental time from 1st instar to adult varied from 20.7 d at l0°C to 4.4 d at 30°C. The lower-temperature developmental thresholds for 1st through 4th instars and total immature stages were estimated at 7.0, 6.2, 6.3, 5.1, and 6.1°C, respectively. A modified Logan model was used to describe the relationship between developmental rate and temperature. The survival of total immature stages varied from 52.7 to 90.23% within the temperature range of 10–30°C. At 35°C, nymphs did not develop beyond the 4th instar. The average longevity of adults ranged from 29.73 d at 10°C to 9.42 d at 30°C. The mean number of nymphs produced by R. rufiabdominalis varied from 63.32 at 20°C to 31.88 at 30°C. Life table parameters also were determined at 5 constant temperatures (10–30°C). The population reared at 25°C had the highest intrinsic rate of increase ( r m) (0.432), the shortest population doubling time (1.61 d) and shorter mean generation time (8.7 d) compared with populations reared at other temperatures. The highest net reproduction rate ( Ro ) was recorded at 20°C (57.23). The optimum range of temperatures for R. rufiabdominalis population growth was 20–25°C.

Effect of temperature on the life cycle of Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Acari: Acaridae) at four constant temperatures

This study assessed the impact of four diet sources on the biological performance and life-table parameters of the predatory mite Blattisocius keegani. The evaluated diets included castor-bean pollen Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), eggs of the stored-product moth Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Gelechiidae), the acarid mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acaridae), and the dried fruit mite Carpoglyphus lactis (L.) (Carpoglyphidae). Comparative analyses of developmental duration, survival, fecundity, and population growth metrics were conducted to determine the diet that best supports predator performance. The results demonstrated that the type of food had a significant effect on the developmental duration, reproductive performance, longevity, and population growth of B. keegani. Females developed fastest and showed the greatest reproductive success when fed C. lactis, with the shortest immature duration (5.90 days), highest fecundity (33.20 eggs/female), and longest life span. Conversely, castor bean pollen produced the slowest development (7.50±0.75 days) and lowest fecundity (24.20 eggs/female). For males, developmental duration was also shortest on C. lactis and T. putrescentiae, while the longest life span occurred on C. lactis (24.82 days). Life table parameters further confirmed C. lactis as the most suitable diet, producing the highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and net reproductive rate (Ro), along with superior survival percentages. In contrast, castor bean pollen resulted in the lowest values for growth and reproduction. The results clearly demonstrate that C. lactis is the most suitable nutritional source for B. keegani, followed by T. putrescentiae, whereas S. cerealella eggs and castor bean pollen are less favorable diets.

The development, survival, and reproduction of the psocid Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel were evaluated at 8 constant temperatures (17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, and 35°C). The population reared at 17.5°C failed to develop or reproduce. Between 20 and 35°C, developmental period from egg to adult varied from 41.9 d at 20°C to 18.1 d at 32°C. Based on a nonlinear model, the lower-temperature developmental thresholds from egg, 1st through 4th stadia, and combined immature stages were estimated at 14.8, 17.4, 14.6, 15.5, 17.4, and 15.5°C, respectively; the upper temperature thresholds ranged from 36.4 to 38.8°C. The survival from egg to adult was 82.9% at 27.5°C; 37.4 and 50.7% at 20 and 35°C, respectively. After emergence the adult had a preoviposition period that ranged from 17.9 d at 20°C to 3.3 d at 27.5°C. L. bostrychophila produced the most eggs (74.7) at 27.5°C and the fewest (51.9) at 20°C. The population reared at 30°C had the highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.0946), net reproductive rate (59.59), the shortest population doubling time (7.3 d), and shorter mean generation time (43.2 d) compared with the populations reared at 6 other constant temperatures. The populations reared at 27.5–32.5°C had type I survivorship pattern; whereas populations reared at other temperatures had type III survivorship curve as determined by a Weibull frequency distribution. The optimal range of temperature for L. bostrychophila population growth was 25–32.5°C.

The development, survival, and reproduction of Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae), an important insect pest of infested stored products, were evaluated at eight constant temperatures (20–37.5°C). Female L. decolor had four nymphal stadia, whereas males only had three nymphal stadia. Between 20 and 37.5°C, the female developmental period from egg to adult varied from 46.2 d at 20°C to 16.1 d at 35°C, and the male developmental period from egg to adult varied from 41.8 d at 20°C to 13.6 d at 35°C. Based on a nonlinear model, the lower temperature developmental thresholds of female from egg, first through fourth stadia, and combined immature stages were estimated at 12.22, 16.08, 10.93, 8.88, 12.64, and 13.02°C, the upper temperature thresholds were 42.11, 39.44, 41.27, 40.92, 39.20, and 40.52°C, respectively, whereas the lower temperature thresholds of males ranged from 11.68 to 15.86°C, and the upper temperature thresholds ranged from 40.19 to 42.04°C. The survival rate from egg to adult was 57.3% at 32.5°C, 38.4 at 20°C, and 19% at 37.5°C, respectively. After emergence, the adult had a preoviposition period that ranged from 6.8 d at 20°C to 2.3 d at 35°C. L. decolor produced the most eggs (130.4) at 32.5°C and the fewest (24.7) at 37.5°C. The population reared at 32.5°C had the highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.0609) compared with the populations reared at seven other constant temperatures. The populations reared at 35 and 37.5°C had type III survivorship pattern, whereas populations reared at other temperatures had type I survivorship curve as determined by a Weibull frequency distribution. The optimal range of temperature for L. decolor population growth was 27.5–35°C.

The performance of herbivorous insects is greatly affected by host chemical defenses and nutritional quality. Some herbivores have developed the ability to manipulate plant defenses via signaling pathways. It is currently unclear, however, whether a herbivore can benefit by simultaneously reducing plant defenses and enhancing plant nutritional quality. Here, we show that the better performance of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1; formerly the “B” biotype) than Mediterranean (MED; formerly the “Q” biotype) on cabbage is associated with a suppression of glucosinolate (GS) content and an increase in amino acid supply in MEAM1‐infested cabbage compared with MED‐infested cabbage. MEAM1 had higher survival, higher fecundity, higher intrinsic rate of increase (r m), a longer life span, and a shorter developmental time than MED on cabbage plants. Amino acid content was higher in cabbage infested with MEAM1 than MED. Although infestation by either biotype decreased the levels of total GS, aliphatic GS, glucoiberin, sinigrin, glucobrassicin, and 4OH‐glucobrassicin, and the expression of related genes in cabbage, MED infestation increased the levels of 4ME‐glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin, progoitrin, and glucoraphanin. The GS content and expression of GS‐related genes were higher in cabbage infested with MED than with MEAM1. Our results suggest that MEAM1 performs better than MED on cabbage by manipulating host defenses and nutritional quality.

Simple SummaryMass rearing the air potato beetle, Lilioceris cheni, is a vital contribution to the integrated pest management of the invasive air potato vine. Here, the authors report on the production, distribution, and advancements of a mass rearing method. It was determined that adults are most successful on a diet of fresh air potato leaf. Although to reduce the amount of leaf tissue needed for overwintering populations, they can survive on artificial diet for several months and can be starved for several days to two weeks depending on previous diet. Larvae cannot survive continuously on artificial diet. This information allows those mass rearing beetles to reduce the amount of tissue grown at points in the annual cycle and shows that adult beetles can survive starvation while being distributed or for short periods after release. It also indicates that fresh air potato vine must be available in at least small quantities year-round. This information will assist those attempting to mass rear and distribute the beetle.The air potato beetle, Lilioceris cheni Gressitt and Kimoto (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), is a successful biological control agent of the air potato vine, Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreales: Dioscoreaceae), in the southern United States. Lilioceris cheni is currently being mass-reared by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry (FDACS-DPI) for biological control releases and research. The facility rears and releases over 50,000 adult beetles annually at approximately 1000 different locations. In addition to data on beetle production and distribution, studies on alternative larval and adult diets are described. Adults fed bulbils as the sole food source had reduced life spans compared with beetles given fresh air potato leaves. Adults survived without air potato leaves or bulbils for several days to two weeks depending on availability of leaves at emergence. Larvae did not survive on a modified artificial Colorado potato beetle diet containing fresh air potato vine leaves. Adults survived while consuming artificial diet but ceased oviposition. They, however, resumed egg laying less than one week after being returned to a diet of fresh air potato vine leaves.

Development, survivorship, and reproduction of the mite Schizotetranychus bambusae Reck reared on fresh bamboo leaf were evaluated at 5 constant temperatures (21, 24, 27, 30, and 33°C). The development time from egg to adult varied from 16.7 d at 21°C to 7.6 d at 33°C. The developmental thresholds for egg, larva, protonymph, deurtonymph, pre-oviposition and combined immature stages were estimated at 12.4, 15.3, 14.0, 15.2, 10.7 and12.5°C, respectively. High temperature (33°C) engendered a decline in larval and protonymphal development.A modified nonlinear Logan model describing the relationship between developmental rate and temperature for all immature stages was constructed. Survivorship was highest (88.3%) at 27°C; whereas at 21 and 33°C, it came to 61.7 and 55.7%, respectively. After emergence the adult had a pre-oviposition period that ranged from 1.9 d at 21°C to 1.0 d at 33°C. The highest number of eggs (23.4) was produced at 27°C, the lowestat 33°C. The longest reproductive duration (15.5 d) was recorded at 21°C, and the shortest (4.3 d) at 33°C. Mites reared at 27°C had the highest net reproductive rate (15.6), whereas at 33°C they had the highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.1686). Our results suggest that S. bambusae could develop and reproduce within a wide range of temperatures.