‘Tell me how you live and I’ll tell you who you trust’: Exploration of the housing determinants of trust in Portugal

Employing 2006-2007 World Values Survey data, this paper analyzes citizens’ trust in institutions, and to unravel how diverse factors might affect people’s institutional confidence in China and Taiwan. The empirical results reveal that Chinese have higher degrees of trust toward both public and private institutions. Additionally, Chinese have higher confidence in public institutions than in private institutions, whereas Taiwanese prefer to trust private institutions rather than public ones. We also find that Chinese confidence in public institutions is associated with younger generation, better education, Post-Materialism, life satisfaction, democratic evaluation, interpersonal trust, and associational engagement; moreover, their trust in civil institutions is generated by democratic evaluation, interpersonal trust, and associational engagement. In Taiwan, citizens’ confidence in public and civil institutions derive mainly from four sources- life satisfaction, democratic evaluation, interpersonal trust, and associational engagement. Otherwise, younger generations in Taiwan are more likely to trust in civil institutions. The conclusion indicates that the Chinese government’s basis for legitimacy has switched from economic prosperity to democracy, and the state may face serious challenges from emerging critical citizens in the near future.

The Intergenerational Justice Review is a peer-reviewed English language journal, reflecting the current state of research on intergenerational justice. The IGJR publishes articles from humanities, social sciences, and international law. The journal is released biannually and employs a double-blind peer review process. Its editorial board consists of about 50 internationally renowned experts from ten different countries. IGJR is indexed under Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The topic of issue 1/2020 (which is planned to be the first part of a double issue) will be “Housing crisis: How can we improve the situation for young people?” We welcome submissions to the issue 1/2020 that analyse the housing situation of the young generation. Topic outline In many European countries, and especially in large cities and university towns, affordable housing is a pressing and sometimes explosive issue. In the debate about such questions as home ownership or rent increase caps (Mietpreisbremse – German: rent brakes), the intergenerational perspective is often forgotten. But different generations are affected in noticeably different ways. Rising rent and purchase prices and the failure of housing construction programmes make it ever more difficult for young people to access the housing market. The quality of housing is a key factor in living standards and wellbeing, as well as an integral element of social integration, yet in 2014 a total of 7.8% of young people in the European Union (aged between 15 and 29) were in severe housing need, 25.7% of the young people in the EU lived in overcrowded households, and 13.6% lived in households that spent 40% or more of their equivalised disposable income on housing (Eurostat 2016). In response to the 2008/9 financial crisis, government programmes for public and social housing aimed at the poorer parts of the population were cut back, leading to diminishing access to affordable housing, especially in urbanised areas. For young people, this means that they have to pay higher rents. Today, therefore, they often live longer in their parental homes, or in the private rental sector, than previous generations (Ronald/Lennartz 2018). What is often referred to as a “housing crisis” can certainly be seen as a question of intergenerational justice, because the baby boomers had easier access to housing or to the means to finance it. Today, the baby boomer generation benefits from housing inequality in two ways: through property values and rental income. At the same time, with pension systems under pressure because of ageing populations, the ownership of residential property has become an important component of old-age provision (Helbrecht/Geisenkauser 2012). Younger generations, on the other hand, are disadvantaged in two respects: today’s increased demand leads to further pressure on the housing market in the low-price segment, which in turn leads to an increase in the rent burden for lower and middle income groups, and also makes the purchase of residential property more difficult. In many parts of Europe, such as the Southeast of the UK, in the 1980s the average cost of a first home was three to four times the annual average salary; today it can be ten or twelve times the annual average salary. From this perspective, it can certainly be argued that the housing market situation is not intergenerationally fair. And in many European countries, ownership of real estate has become a much greater source of wealth inequality between generations than salary differentials. This gloomy picture of housing and home ownership is, however, by no means universal. Statistics point to significant differences between countries, and international comparisons show that successful housing policies are possible. An EU comparison shows that the percentage of households managed by a person aged 18–29 who spends 40% or more of their disposable income on housing costs ranges from 1.3% (in Malta) to 45.4% (in Greece) (Leach et al. 2016). It is clear that some countries perform significantly better than others in providing affordable housing for the next generation. Articles could approach the topic through a broad range of questions, including: • How did the housing crisis come to be and how can housing inequality for young people be improved? • Why are some countries better than others at providing affordable housing for the next generation? What are the similarities and differences? What lessons can be drawn from cross-country comparisons? • What political levers, such as subsidies, could be introduced to help the younger generation achieve more affordable and long-term housing security? Is the German Mietpreisbremse a successful instrument for this and how does it affect the young generation? • Planet vs. people: It is often suggested that the solution to the housing crisis is to build more homes, but this raises the question of encroaching on green spaces and the environmental impact that this implies. How can that tension be resolved? How can urbanisation and the housing market become more environmentally friendly? • Another solution is to use existing housing stock more efficiently. Can government policy help to bring this about, for example by incentivising the fuller occupation of large houses with unused spare bedrooms, or by discouraging the ownership of second homes through higher taxation? • What is the potential of new forms of housing, such as shared housing, multi-generational housing, homeshare (housing for help)? • How does homelessness affect young people in particular and how can it be combated? • How can those who work in the media be encouraged to address this topic? Submission Requirements Submissions will be accepted until 31 December 2019. Articles may be submitted electronically through the IGJR homepage (see “Submissions”). Articles should be no more than 30,000 characters in length (including spaces but excluding bibliography, figures, photographs and tables). For details, see the author guidelines Demography Prize: Note that this topic is closely related to the subject of the next Demography Prize promoted by the Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) and the Intergenerational Foundation (IF). The prize is endowed with 10,000€ and has 31 December 2019 as its deadline. Young researchers may also wish to participate in this essay competition, and it is hoped that this edition of the IGJR will contain a selection of the best prize submissions in English. More information will become available shortly on www.intergenerationaljustice.org and www.if.org.uk. References Eurostat (2016): Young people – housing conditions. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/46039.pdf. Viewed 27 September 2018. Ronald, Richard / Lennartz, Christian (2018): Housing careers, intergenerational support and family relations. In: Housing Studies, 33 (2), 147-159. Helbrecht, Ilse / Geilenheuser, Tim (2012): Demographischer Wandel, Generationeneffekte und Wohnungsmarktentwicklung: Wohneigentum als Altersvorsorge? In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, 70 (5), 425–436. Recommended literature Dorling, Danny (2015): All That is Solid: How the Great Housing Disaster Defines Our Times, and What We Can Do About It. London: Allen Lane. Dustmann, Christian / Fitzenberger, Bernd / Zimmerman, Markus (2018): Housing Expenditures and Income Inequality, Cream Discussion Paper 16/18, London: Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, URL: http://www.cream-migration.org/publ_ uploads/CDP_16_18.pdf. Viewed 24 October 2018. Eurostat (2016): Young people – housing conditions, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/46039.pdf. Viewed 27 September 2018. Eurostat (2015): Housing cost overburden rate. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvho07a&lang=en. Viewed 27 September 2018. Helbrecht, Ilse / Geilenheuser, Tim (2012): Demographischer Wandel, Generationeneffekte und Wohnungsmarktentwicklung: Wohneigentum als Altersvorsorge? In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, 70 (5), 425–436. Hills, John / Cunliffe, Jack / Obolenskaya, Polina / Karagiannaki, Eleni (2015): Falling behind, getting ahead: the changing structure of inequality in the UK, 2007-2013. Social Policy in Cold Climate. London: LSE. Leach, Jeremy / Broeks, Miriam / Østenvik, Kristin / Kingman, David (2016): European Intergenerational Fairness Index: A Crisis for the Young. London: Intergenerational Foundation: http://www.if.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/European-Intergenerational-Fairness-Index_Final-2016.pdf. Viewed 27 September 2018. Lennartz, Christian / Helbrecht, Ilse (2018): The housing careers of younger adults and intergenerational support in Germany’s ‘society of renters’. In: Housing Studies, 33 (2), 317-336. Morton, Alex (2013): Housing and Intergenerational Fairness. London: Policy Exchange. National Housing Federation (2014): Broken Market, Broken Dreams. London: NHF. Ronald, Richard / Lennartz, Christian (2018): Housing careers, intergenerational support and family relations. In: Housing Studies, 33 (2), 147-159. Rugg, Julie J. / Quilgars, Deborah (2015): Young People and Housing: A Review of the Present Policy and Practice Landscape. In: Youth and Policy. Issue 114. Shaw, Randy (2018): Generation Priced Out. Who Gets to Live in the New Urban America, Oakland, CA: University of California Press. Shelter (2010): The Human Cost: How the Lack of Affordable Housing Impacts on All Aspects of Life. London: Shelter.

Trust is considered instrumental for economic growth, successful operation of public institutions and social cohesion. We explore how public trust in Icelandic institutions has developed during the recent tumultous financial times, including the failure of the Icelandic banking sector. Using data from Gallup-Iceland’s annual survey of individuals’ trust in institutions, we show that trust in general, and particularly towards political and financial institutions, evaporates following the crisis year of 2008. Although trust varies significantly among different demographic groups, the trend shows how the road to recovering trust in Icelandic institutions post-crisis has proven to be challenging and drawn-out. Apart from law-enforcement agencies, which were relatively unscathed by the financial calamities, no institution has managed to escape the drop in trust, nor have they re-established the pre-crisis level of trust in the minds of the public nearly a decade after the crisis. A notable personal post-crisis exception is the recently elected President of Iceland who has managed to improve trust in his office by the highest margin of all 15 public offices and institutions examined.

This study looks at segregation across the high schools of Santiago, Chile, and the levels of trust students hold in key institutions. Confidence in government and private institutions, such as parliament, courts, government agencies, the Church, the media, banks and firms, is important to political and social stability and for maintaining social cohesion. The results from a survey of high school students are used to examine the links between segregation and levels of student trust in public and private institutions. Multi-level modelling is employed to derive estimates of student institutional trust and explore the within – and between-school components. The results show that there are significant levels of between-school variation in levels of trust in both public and private institutions. The between-school differences are largely explained by the effects of student socioeconomic status (SES), mean school SES, and type of school.

Do inequalities exist in housing and working conditions among local and migrant industrial workers in Vietnam? Results from a multi-site survey

This article examines patterns of popular trust in political and public institutions in Nepal. We ask to what extent such trust is linked, on one hand, to citizens’ social and political identities, and on the other hand, to citizens’ perceptions of institutional performance. Our findings demonstrate that trust in public institutions varies extensively. Trust is high for a number of professional institutions, such as schools and hospitals. It is also quite high for local government institutions. Trust in the parliament and the government is much lower. Furthermore, the analysis reveals a weak relationship between institutional trust and identity variables. Demographic and social characteristics of participants, such as caste, and religious and political affiliations, have little significance in explaining the level of citizens’ trust in political and public institutions. Such trust primarily depends upon how citizens assess the performance of these institutions. Hence, patterns of institutional trust depend on how participants evaluate the current macro-political situation in Nepal, whether recent political changes are judged to have gone in the right direction. In a more general and comparative perspective our findings from Nepal fit with a performance-based theory of institutional trust, while, to a large extent, they disconfirm identity-based explanations.

The study examines the role of social cohesion in the context of sustainable development of regional societies. It is proved that progress in the field of sustainable development depends on social cohesion as one of the factors ensuring the achievement of environmental, economic and social changes. A mechanism of social cohesion has been developed, the result of which, along with social stability and justice, strengthening citizens' trust in state and public institutions, social welfare, is a request for sustainable development of regions. The article proves that modern challenges, such as social inequality, migration and ethnic differences, can weaken the potential of social cohesion as a catalyst for sustainable development of regions. To quantify the level of social cohesion, a system of indicators is proposed that integrates economic, demographic, educational and other indicators, and allows for a detailed analysis of the current state of social cohesion in various regions. Taking into account the impact of social cohesion indicators on the progress of sustainable development of regions is realised through the inclusion of indicators that reflect the level of social cohesion potential and, at the same time, are a source of data for assessing the achievement of sustainable development goals. Using the example of the EU countries, the analysis of indicators related to the blocks of trust in institutions and economic indicators in assessing the level of social cohesion was carried out. The estimated indicators are also taken into account when calculating the achievement of the following Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS): SDG 1, SDG 8, SDG 10, SDG 16. The proposed approach makes it possible to take into account the indicators that are most vulnerable in terms of their impact on the progress of regions in the field of sustainable development, as well as to form a list of measures, the implementation of which will ensure capacity building of the social cohesion mechanism (hereinafter referred to as SCM). The main innovative contribution of the study is the development of an economic and mathematical model for optimizing resources and prioritizing measures aimed at strengthening social cohesion. The model takes into account the amount of available resources, the need to use them for the implementation of specific activities and an expert assessment of their priority. This approach provides an objective and systematic solution to the challenges of sustainable development, focusing on social cohesion as a key factor. The study proves that the application of the model requires high-quality data, competence in the process of interpreting modelling results and active interaction with stakeholders. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the integration of social cohesion into strategic planning and the application of the proposed model are the basis for more effective and sustainable development of regional society.

TPS272 Background: Treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has been steadily evolving during the last decade, but access remains a significant issue in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As novel therapies emerge and translate into clinical practice, the gap in treatment patterns between patients who do or do not have access to these therapies is expected to increase. The resulting disparities in outcomes are likely to be more noticeable in countries with pronounced inequality, such as Brazil. In Brazil, while a minority of patients have private insurance and have access to nearly all available treatment options, approximately 75% of patients depend on the public health system, which is unable to afford most of the recent treatment innovations for mCRPC, such as novel hormonal agents (NHA) or PARP inhibitors. LACOG 1818 was developed to investigate and compare outcomes of patients with mCRPC treated at private and public hospitals in Brazil. Methods: LACOG 1818 (NCT04962919) is a retrospective multicentric study investigating disparities in cancer treatment and survival among public and private institutions in Brazil. Patients with mCRPC diagnosed within January 2014 and December 2017 will be included and their data will be abstracted from medical records. Primary endpoint is cause-specific survival, comparing patients from private and public institutions. We estimate that 299 events are needed to detect a hazard ratio of 0.75 indicating a lower risk of prostate cancer-related death for patients treated at private institutions with a power of 80% and a bicaudate significance level of 10%. Considering a follow up of 24 months and a median cause-specific survival of 20 months in patients from public institutions, 590 patients are planned to be included. Secondary endpoints include describing comorbidities, sociodemographic and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with mCRPC; comparing overall survival of patients with mCRPC treated at public and private institutions; comparing treatments patterns of patients with mCRPC treated at public and private institutions; and describing skeleton-related complications, bone-directed treatments, and admission rates. From January 2020 to August 2022, 244 of planned 590 patients have been enrolled in 7 Brazilian centers. Additional 12 centers are still planned to open before 2023. Results are expected in the first semester of 2023. Clinical trial information: NCT04962919 .

The aim of this research paper is to compare the quality of education delivered at the undergraduate level in the public and private institutions of the Twin Cities (Islamabad and Rawalpindi) in Pakistan. Data is collected with the help of questionnaires from 246 students. The data was collected from three public and three private educational institutions of the Twin Cities, and the age of students ranged from 18 to 27 years. The research instrument used in this paper is the independent sample t-test to find the difference between the three private and three public educational institutions selected in Rawalpindi and Islamabad in terms of different variables that are very important in measuring the quality of education. For analysis, Levene’s test was adopted, which reflects the variations in educational quality with respect to academic staff availability in the twin cities. The differences in close supervision of students by academic staff between public and private sector educational institutions were also analysed, and the results reflected a difference between private and public educational institutions with respect to close supervision of students. The results also highlighted the factors that are involved in higher performance of students in private institutes as compared to that of students in public institutes. These factors can be implemented in the public sector to increase student performance.

Background Poor housing condition is associated with increased mortality. Our aim is to measure the inequality in mortality attributable to housing deprivation in Belgium. Methods We utilized data on housing conditions from the 1991 population census, and data on mortality from the National Register in Belgium between Jan 1, 1991 and Dec 31, 2015. An area-level composite score was developed and computed for 18 267 statistical sectors in Belgium. The score was based on indicators encompassing multiple dimensions: occupancy status and its density, absence of central heating, bathroom, toilet, kitchen, double glazing. These indicators were combined to a score, ranked and assigned to deciles. The mortality attributable to housing inequality was calculated as the difference between the observed and expected deaths. The expected deaths were computed by applying mortality in the least deprived decile to other deciles, stratified by 5-year age group, sex, and time. Results Our results show that 20% of all deaths, equating to 2 564 289 deaths, occurring between 1991-2015 can be attributable to inequalities in housing. The proportion of deaths attributable to inequality in housing increased over time and was higher for men (26%) than for women (14%). The difference in age-standardized mortality rates between the most and the least deprived groups increased over time from 31 to 37% and from 10 to 26% for men and women, respectively. Conclusions Housing conditions play an important role in mortality inequalities and ensuring good housing conditions is necessary for reducing inequalities. Key messages Poor housing condition is associated with increased mortality. Our results show that 20% of all deaths, equating to 2 564 289 deaths, occurring between 1991-2015 can be attributable to inequalities in housing.

The purpose of this study was to determine if social cohesion mediates the effects of neighborhood and household-level socioeconomic status (SES), perceptions of neighborhood safety, and access to parks on mothers' engagement in physical activity (PA). Secondary analyses were conducted on cross-sectional data from The Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) study. GROW includes survey data from a diverse sample of 2,750 California mothers. Structural equation modeling was used to test a conceptual multilevel mediation model, proposing social cohesion as a mediator of known predictors of PA. Social cohesion fully mediated the pathway from perceived neighborhood safety to mothers' PA. Social cohesion also mediated the significant relationship between neighborhood SES and PA; however, this mediation finding was not practically significant when considered in the context of the full model. Household SES was significantly positively related to both social cohesion and PA. Park access contributed significantly to social cohesion but not directly to PA Social cohesion did not significantly mediate relationships between park access or household SES and PA. There is a need for public health interventions to improve engagement in PA among individuals and neighborhoods with lower levels of socioeconomic resources. Interventions that create social cohesion within neighborhoods may have positive effects on mothers' PA, particularly in neighborhoods perceived as unsafe.

e19569 Background: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most frequent hematological malignancy. B-cell (BCL) and T-cell (TCL) NHL subtypes differs in high income and low-and middle-income countries. In Peru, the healthcare system is divided mainly into public and private institutions. We aimed to describe the subtypes of NHL seen according to healthcare facilities. Methods: We reviewed medical records at National Cancer Institute and Oncosalud, both the leading public and private cancer centers in Peru, respectively. All patients diagnosed with NHL from 2015-2018 according to the 2016 WHO classification were included. Baseline characteristics were compared between public and private institutions using Student’s t test and Chi-square as appropriate. Results: A total of 2,317 NHL were included from both institutions. The median age was 61 years (range 15-99), 49.7% were male. Most patients NHL cases were encountered at the public institution (88.9%, n = 2,059); 84.4% (n = 1,957) were BCL and 15.5% (n = 360) TCL. Differences of BCL and TCL frequencies were seen among institutions. More BCL cases were seen at the private institution (96.6%, n = 230 versus 83.9%, n = 1,727, respectively) whereas TCL were common in the public institution (16.1%, n = 332 versus 11.8%, n = 28, respectively) (p < 0.035). The most frequent BCL was DLBCL with 70.0% (n = 1209) and 49.6% (n = 114) seen in public and private institutions, respectively (p < 0.001). The second most frequent BCL was follicular lymphoma (FL) with 10.8% (n = 187) and 20.4% (n = 47) seen in the public and private institutions, respectively (p < 0.001). Chronic lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL) and Burkitt lymphoma (BL) were most frequent in private institution (CLL 7%, n = 16 vs. 3.5%, n = 60, p = 0.017; BL 3.9%, n = 9 vs. 1.2%, n = 21, p = 0.004). The most frequent TCL was peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS) (27.7%, n = 92) for the public institution and mycosis fungoides (MF) (39.3%, n = 11) for the private institution. The second most frequent TCL was natural killer/TCL (NKTCL) (22.6%, n = 75) for the public institution, and PTCL, NOS (17.9%, n = 5) for the private institution. There was significant difference in the number of NKTCL and MF cases seen during the study period among institutions (NKTCL public 22.6%, n = 75 vs. private 3.6%, n = 1, p = 0.033; MF public 15.1%, n = 50 vs. private 39.3%, n = 11, p = 0.003). The presence of extranodal involvement was more frequent in the public institution (52.3%, n = 1,049 vs. 35.3%, n = 84, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The distribution of NHL differs according to the type of healthcare system in Peru. Extranodal involvement, TCL, DLBCL and NKTCL are more frequent in patients treated at the public cancer center than in private center. On the contrary BCL, FL, CLL, BL and MF are more frequent in private cancer center. Our institutions are currently building the largest registry of NHL patients diagnosed and treated in Peru.

Introduction

Compared to the scholarship on general political trust, relatively little attention has been paid to institutional trust. Research on the subject tends to treat political institutions as single entities, ignoring the fact that different institutions can enjoy, in the long term, very different levels of trust. This paper builds on the assumption that institutional trust may be formed differently depending on the institution type, and thus aims to explain how trust is formed in different types of democratic institutions. Moreover, it explains how the relationship between trust in a political institution and voter turnout can change depending on how trust is formed. The study is based on the content analysis of thirty semi-structured interviews from the Czech Republic. The study shows that respondents tend to develop trust in a political institution based on their assessment of the institution’s current performance and outcomes rather than their assessment of the institution itself. The study argues that an integral part of the concept of trust in a political institution is the popularity of the politicians who represent the institution. However, how trust is formed depends on the type of institution, which has important implications for measuring this concept. The relationship between institutional trust and turnout may also vary depending on how trust in an institution is formed. Thus, a potential correlation between trust in an institution and electoral participation may exist depending on the type of an institution.

Differences in the Distribution of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Public Versus Private Institution in a Latin American Country: A Cohort of 5,807 Cases