Techniques for interactive visual examination of vessel performance

Occlusal caries: Evaluation of direct microscopy versus digital imaging used for two histological classification systems

Visual soil examination techniques as part of a soil appraisal framework for farm evaluation in Australia

The fully computer-controlled measuring and examination techniques are eddy current, diameter, and length measurements on rods gamma scanning and visual examinations on both rods and assemblies

Children with special needs form a unique subset with regards to visual function and examination techniques needed to assess them. With more awareness among the general public, neurologists, and pediatricians, these children are referred for assessment to the ophthalmologist or optometrist and sometimes even to the rehabilitation professional at an early age. This clinical practice guideline and review gives a systematic approach for examining the visual functions of a child with special needs. It outlines the procedures to be followed with equipment needed in clinical practice. Functional vision assessment guidelines are also included. This is the first part in a two-part series, with the first part presenting clinical examination guidelines and the second presenting intervention and vision enhancement techniques.

Cost-effectiveness of screening methods for urinary schistosomiasis in a school-based control programme in Ibadan, Nigeria

Visual Fields: Examination and Interpretation, 3rd edition contains revisions and updates of earlier material as well as a discussion of newer techniques for assessing visual field disorders. The book begins with a short history of the field of perimetry and goes on to present basic clinical aspects of examination and diagnosis of visual field defects in the optic nerve, optic disc, chorioretina, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate field bodies, and the calcarine complex. Additional aspects of visual field examination are explored including those of monocular, binocular, and junctional field defects, congruity vs. incongruity, macular sparing vs. macular splitting, density, wedge-shaped homonymous field loss, and monocular temporal crescent. Various new techniques of automated perimetry are also considered including SITA, FASTPAC, and SWAP. This volume provides a very useful overview of the techniques of visual field examination in a number of eye disorders and will be of interest to all ophthalmologists, neuro-opthalmologists, retina specialists, and optometrists.

Visual examination is usually the first step in a failure analysis, but it is not a subject about which much has been written. In this paper, techniques of visual examination and documentation using digital photography are discussed. The use of different types of lighting to reveal characteristics of manufactured and fracture surfaces is explored. Practical examples of lighting setups and photographs obtained using these setups are presented.

Fracture surfaces can provide an important and indispensable record of many factors in simple or complex failures. Visual examination of fracture surfaces can reveal the type and direction of loading, with fracture-surface features often providing definitive evidence of torsion, tension, bending, and compressive loads. This article discusses tools and techniques of visual examination and characteristic features of fracture features. A brief review of ductile and brittle fracture-surface features is provided. The article also describes macroscopic features that can be used to identify fracture-initiation sites, locations of final overload, and the directions of crack propagation. In addition, the use of these features to characterize loading at the time of failure is also described.

Slit lamp examination is an important component of a pediatric eye exam. The slit lamp instrument, also known as a biomicroscope, is used to provide a stereoscopic magnified view of the ocular structures. The slit lamp facilitates the examination of both the anterior segment as well as the posterior segment of the eyes. For posterior segment examination, handheld lenses are used in conjunction with the slit lamp. Different tools and examination techniques are often needed to examine infants, toddlers, and other pediatric patients who cannot be positioned in the slit lamp. This chapter discusses the techniques and equipment used to facilitate the ocular health examination, including anterior segment structures, posterior segment structures, and intraocular pressure measurements in the pediatric population.

Low vision aid evaluation should be part of the routine ophthalmic care of all children with subnormal vision. The evaluations establish the child's visual capacities and assess the possible benefits of optical or nonoptical aids to maximize visual function. The concerted efforts of parents, physicians, and teachers are necessary to minimize the child's visual impairment and to avoid subsequent disabilities. Examination technique and equipment is essentially that required for routine ophthalmic care with the addition of a few low vision aid devices. Particular emphasis should be placed on communicating with parents and others directly concerned with the child's education and development.

An experimental study of craze cracks in glass filament reinforced plastics was conducted in order to determine the nature and cause of the crazing phenomenon. Both visual examination and microscopic techniques were employed. Photomicrographs of cross-sections through representative craze cracks are presented. A theoretical model for the mechanism of cracking was developed on the basis of the observations made and is demonstrated schematically. The probable causes of craze cracking are three: filament migration prior to completion of the resin cure, inaccuracies in placement which may occur during winding, and crossing of one layer of filaments over others. An experiment performed in this work employing an 18-in. diameter pressure chamber indicated that craze cracking occurs, at least in part, prior to burst. Improvements in winding machine and materials are required to reduce crazing.

Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) is a main asset integrity threat to many processing facilities. CUI damage is not readily identifiable and extensive insulation removal for inspection is often uneconomical. As a result, most organizations rely on Visual Examination (VT) with Partial Removal of Insulation method where locations to be opened for CUI detailed inspection rely on predicted susceptible CUI locations and risk. In some cases, non-destructive examinations (NDE) techniques, such as Guided Wave Testing (GWT), are employed to improve the identification of corroded locations. However, the selection of inspection and NDE technique is often not guided by robust methodology. This paper proposes and evaluates a methodology based on Cost of Corrosion model where both proactive cost and reactive cost are considered. The proactive cost is divided into the cost of true positive and cost of false positive. These costs are a function of quality of risk assessment, and NDE techniques’ Probability of Detection (PoD) and False Call Probability (FCP). In terms of reactive cost, the monetary value of residual risk after inspection completed is also quantified. In addition to under-prediction due to gaps in corrosion and risk assessment, NDE techniques with poor PoD will lead to higher reactive cost due to misinspection or false negative result. An optimum CUI program is a program that leads to the lowest total cost by balancing both proactive cost and reactive cost. Based on a case study conducted at a petrochemical plant, the Cost of Corrosion model has demonstrated value in reducing the Cost of Corrosion by 10% when compared with alternative strategies.

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the USA, and it is a leading cause of death worldwide. Every year, more than five million patients are newly diagnosed in the USA. The deadliest and most serious form of skin cancer is called melanoma. Skin cancer can affect anyone, regardless of skin color, race, gender, and age. The diagnosis of melanoma has been done by visual examination and manual techniques by skilled doctors. It is a time-consuming process and highly prone to error. The skin images captured by dermoscopy eliminate the surface reflection of skin and give a better visualization of deeper levels of the skin. However, the existence of many artifacts and noise such as hair, veins, and water residue make the lesion images very complex. Due to the complexity of images, the border detection, feature extraction, and classification process are challenging. Without a proper mechanism, it is hard to identify and predict melanoma at an early stage. Therefore, there is a need to provide precise details, identify early skin cancer, and classify skin cancer with appropriate sensitivity and precision. This article aims to review and analyze two deep neural network-based classification algorithms (convolutional neural network, CNN; recurrent neural network, RNN) and a decision tree-based algorithm (XG-Boost) on skin lesion images (ISIC dataset) and find which of these provides the best classification performance metric. Also, the performance of algorithms is compared using six different metrics—loss, accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and ROC.

Acoustic emission detection and monitoring of highway bridge components. Final report

The quality of the raw animal skin decides the final quality of leather. Preservation processes of raw animal skins until leather making predominantly uses salting as a popular method owing to the bacteriostatic effect provided by salt. The detrimental impact caused by the usage of salt from the leather processing is well established. This necessitates the quest for developing an economical, efficacious and environment-friendly preservation system. The present work investigates the effects on the physical and chemical characteristics of the animal skin caused by the putrefactive bacteria with respect to time. Physical changes were studied using visual examination, SEM analysis, and histological staining techniques where the structural deterioration was evidently established. Changes in biochemical aspects were studied by observing degradation in proteoglycan levels and collagen from the goat skin taken at various time intervals. Furthermore, the microorganisms that were responsible for the degradation of various skin components were isolated from the skin over the period of 36 hours from flaying. The occurrence of collagen-degrading organisms within 6 hours of initiation of putrefaction and increased number of proteolytic and collagenolytic bacteria at the end of 36-hours observation were indicative of tremendous skin spoilage leading to deteriorated quality of raw material.