Taste Propensity in Obese and Nonobese Older Adults

Productive age is at the peak of its activities, physical activities carried out tend to be heavier than other ages and one of the characteristics of developed countries is a country that has a high level of health, intelligence, and work productivity, which is influenced by nutritional intake and diet. Diet, excess tend to be owned by obesity, obesity is also included in the condition of malnutrition.The research aimed knowing effect of diet and physical activity on the risk of obesity in students at a university in Surabaya.The method used in this study is case control with 152 obese and non obese adult respondents at a university in Surabaya using a 24-hour recall questionnaire, IPAQ for physical activity, and measurement of BMI (body mass index). The results of the study on average food calorie intake in obese adult respondents were higher than non-obese. The most consumed type of food obesity group (60 people) is chicken meat (mean: 348.55 kcal), while the most consumed food non-obese group (60 people) is white rice (mean: 753.71 kcal). The biggest calories consumed in obese groups (34 people) are pizza (1,925.48 kcal), while those that are most consumed by non-obese groups are white rice. The results of statistical analysis using the chi-square test showed that there were significant differences in food intake between obese adult groups and non-obese adult groups (p=0.000). The results of the analysis of physical activity obtained in the obese group showed that most of them had low physical activity (61.84%). Meanwhile, in the non-obese group, most of them had moderate physical activity (55.26%). Based on the results of the analysis with the Chi-Square Test, with P value of 0.047 was obtained (p value 0.05) so that it could be concluded that there was a significant difference in physical activity between the non-obese and obese respondent groups. The average level of physical activity in non-obese is higher than the obese group. By increasing physical activity and reducing food calorie intake, the risk of obesity in adulthood can be reduced.

Recent studies have shown that dysfunction and decrease of regulatory T cells (Tregs) correlates with insulin resistance (IR), one of the most significant mechanisms for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To examine potential relationships among Tregs, IR, blood lipid content, and related cytokines, we investigated the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs, as well as expression levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. Fifty-one newly diagnosed T2DM patients and 55 control individuals were enrolled. According to body mass index (BMI), the T2DM patients were grouped into non-obese and obese groups. Blood was collected in ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant tubes for detection of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs by flow cytometry. Serum was collected to quantify IL-10 and TGF-β levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By comparing percentages of Tregs between non-obese and obese groups, correlation with Treg frequency, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), IL-10 and TGF-β was examined. The percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in the newly diagnosed T2DM group was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.01). Further, levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were also lower in the T2DM group (P<0.05). The level of IL-10 was remarkably lower in the obese group than in the non-obese and the control groups (P<0.01), but there was no significant difference between non-obese group and the control group. The level of TGF-β was lower in obese group than in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between non-obese group and the control group. The frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in the obese group was significantly lower than in the non-obese group (P<0.05). In the obese group, the percentage of Tregs negatively correlated with HOMA-IR and positively correlated with TGF-β (P<0.05). There was no obvious correlation between Treg and HOMA-IR in the non-obese group. The percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and levels of related cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β were precipitously decreased in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. Therefore, the function of Tregs in limiting the proinflammatory milieu represents an important pathogenic mediator of the development of obesity-induced IR in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. Notably, TGF-β may play an important role in this process. Thus, enhancing expression of Tregs may improve IR in newly diagnosed T2DM patients with obesity.

PurposeObesity has been suggested as a risk factor for worse perioperative outcomes, especially in radical prostatectomy, in several studies. However, the impact of obesity on perioperative outcomes has not yet been well elucidated for robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). We evaluated whether obesity had an adverse effect on outcomes following RALP compared with retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP).Materials and MethodsFrom April 2008 to May 2011, 181 patients underwent radical prostatectomy (RALP, 111; RRP, 70). These patients were subdivided into two groups according to body mass index (BMI): the nonobese group (BMI, 25 kg/m2 or less) and the obese group (BMI, greater than 25 kg/m2). Perioperative outcomes in RALP and RRP were retrospectively compared between the two groups.ResultsIn RRP, patients in the obese group (n=20) showed greater blood loss and a higher complication rate than did those in the nonobese group (n=50). However, in RALP, no statistically significant differences in perioperative outcomes were observed between the obese (n=37) and the nonobese (n=74) groups. RALP showed less blood loss and a lower complication rate in both the obese and nonobese groups than did RRP.ConclusionsRALP is thought to be a more effective and safer procedure in obese patients compared with traditional open radical prostatectomy. In the management of obese patients with localized prostate cancer, RALP should be considered as a primary choice for treatment.

The prevalence of 'low bone mineral density (BMD)' in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), especially stratified by body mass index, is seldom reported. The relation of the euthyroid range and low BMD in T2DM remains to be further elucidated. We aim to investigate the thyroid hormones' impact on BMD among euthyroid patients with T2DM. A total of 1452 hospitalized T2DM patients with normal thyroid function (43.6% males aged over 50 and 56.4% postmenopausal females) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. BMD was measured at lumbar spine by GE lunar dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry system, and 'low BMD' was defined as T-score <-1.0 SD. The prevalence of 'low BMD' was compared between obese and nonobese (body mass index < 25 kg/m2) groups for both sexes, and the relation of low BMD and free T4 quartiles was explored by multiple logistic regression. The general prevalence of 'low BMD' was 12.3% for male patients aged over 50 (15.5% in the nonobese group and 8.0% in the obese group) and 49.8% for postmenopausal females (56.7% in the nonobese group and 48.9% in the obese group). After adjustment in multiple linear regression, free T4 level remained significantly related to decreased BMD in nonobese male subgroup. Multiple logistic regression revealed that BMD of the highest free T4 quartile (1.12-1.48 ng/dL) decreased significantly than other three quartiles after adjusting for confounding factors including age, body mass index, serum calcium and creatinine level, fasting glucose, alkaline phosphatase, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and smoking history (OR = 2.724, 95% CI = 1.085-6.840, p = 0.033). No significant relation was found in obese male or postmenopausal female groups. High-normal free T4 is a potential independent risk factor for 'low BMD' in nonobese male T2DM patients aged over 50. Close attention should be paid to thyroid function profile, even within normal range, in nonobese men with underlying higher fracture risks on diabetes status.

Laparoscopy assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) for gastric cancer has been rapidly adopted for the treatment of both early and advanced gastric cancers which need lymph node dissection, but remains difficult procedure, especially in patients with obesity. We evaluated the impact of obesity on short- and long-term outcomes of LADG for gastric cancer. We retrospectively investigated 243 patients who underwent LADG for gastric cancer between January 2007 and December 2014. The patients were classified based on their body mass index (BMI) into the Obese (BMI≥25) and Non-Obese (BMI<25) Groups. Patient characteristics, clinicopathologic and operative findings, and short- and long-term outcomes were investigated and compared between the groups. The groups did not differ in age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, the presence of comorbidities, or pathologic stage. Operative time (265±46.6 vs. 244±55.6min; P=0.007) and estimated blood loss (113±101.4 vs. 66.5±95.2ml; P=0.007) were greater in the Obese Group. Fewer lymph nodes were retrieved in the Obese Group (38±23.7 vs. 47.5±24.3; P=0.004). No differences were evident in postoperative complication rate (20% vs. 17%; P=0.688) or the duration of postoperative hospital stay (9±8.5 vs. 9±5.1days; P=0.283) between the two groups. In the Obese Group, the 5-year overall survival rate was significantly lower than in the Non-Obese Group (67.6% vs. 90.3%; P=0.036). Furthermore, 5-year disease-specific survival was significantly lower in the Obese Group than in the Non-Obese Group (72.7% vs. 94.9%; P=0.015). LADG in patients with obesity could be performed as safe as in patients without obesity, with comparable postoperative results. But obesity may be a poor prognostic factor in gastric cancer.

Adipose tissues poorly produce adiponectin in the population with increased body fat mass and diabetes mellitus. It was investigated whether hypoadiponectinemia is associated with obesity and insulin resistance in patients with chronically medicated schizophrenia. A cross-sectional study was designed for 73 non-diabetic Japanese patients with schizophrenia. The patients aged <70 years with body mass index (BMI) > or =18.5 were selected. Anthropometrics and blood parameters including fat-derived cytokines were measured, and then the BMI and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The variables were compared between the non-obesity (BMI, 18.5-24.9) and obesity (> or = 25.0) groups, and between genders. Plasma adiponectin negatively correlated with BMI (r = -0.554, P < 0.0003) and HOMA-IR (r = -0.380, P = 0.007) in men, but not in women. The obesity group in men, as compared with the non-obesity group, showed significantly lower plasma adiponectin (P = 0.008) and higher HOMA-IR (P < 0.05), but not in women. Plasma leptin showed a significant positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.604, P < 0.0001 in men; r = 0.763, P < 0.0001 in women) and HOMA-IR (r = 0.618, P < 0.0001 in men; r = 0.679, P < 0.0001 in women). The mean plasma leptin in the obesity group was significantly higher than that in the non-obesity group (P < 0.01 in men; P < 0.01 in women). In contrast to plasma leptin, plasma adiponectin showed gender difference in relation to BMI and HOMA-IR.

Circulating levels of obestatin and copeptin in obese and nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

To objectively measure habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour in a clinical sample of obese children and to compare with age- and sex-matched non-obese controls. Pairwise comparison of obese children matched for age and gender with non-obese controls. A total of 116 obese children (body mass index (BMI)> or =98th centile) and 53 non-obese control children (BMI<85th centile). Controls were matched with 53 of the obese children (mean age 8.6, s.d. 2.0 years; 25 M and 28 F). Habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured over a 7-day period using CSA accelerometers. Total physical activity (mean accelerometry count per minute (c.p.m.)), percentage of monitored time in sedentary behaviour, light and moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) were compared. Obese children (n=116) spent on average 80.4% of their monitored time in sedentary behaviour and 2.5% of their monitored time in MVPA. Total activity (mean c.p.m.) was significantly higher in the non-obese group (n=53) than the obese group (n=53), 729 vs 648 c.p.m.; 95% confidence interval (CI) 7, 155. Time spent in sedentary behaviour averaged 80.9% (s.d. 6.6) in the obese group and 79.3% (s.d. 6.2) in the non-obese group, with no significant between-group difference (95% CI -3.9, 0.6). Light intensity activity was similar in the obese and non-obese groups (15.9 vs 17.3%; 95% CI -0.3, 3.0). Participation in MVPA was significantly higher in the non-obese vs obese group (3.9 vs 2.4%; 95% CI 0.6, 2.0). This study supports the hypothesis that a clinical sample of obese children is less physically active than non-obese children, although the difference in total activity and MVPA between the groups was small.

ObjectiveStudies of taste perceptions in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients have been controversial, and none of these studies have assessed umami taste. This study aimed to assess umami, along with the other 4 taste functions in PD patients.MethodsParticipants were tested for gustation using the modified filter paper disc method and olfaction using the modified Sniffin’ Stick-16 (mSS-16) test (only 14 culturally suitable items were used). A questionnaire evaluated patients’ subjective olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, taste preference, appetite, and food habits.ResultsA total of 105 PD patients and 101 age- and sex-matched controls were included. The body mass index (BMI) of PD patients was lower than that of controls (PD = 22.62, controls = 23.86, p = 0.028). The mSS-16 score was 10.7 for controls and 6.4 for PD patients (p < 0.001) (normal ≥ 9). Taste recognition thresholds (RTs) for sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami tastes were significantly higher in PD, indicating poorer gustation. All taste RTs correlated with each other, except for umami. Most patients were unaware of their dysfunction. Patients preferred sweet, salty and umami tastes more than the controls. Dysgeusia of different tastes in patients was differentially associated with poorer discrimination of tastes, an inability to identify the dish and adding extra seasoning to food. BMI and mSS-16 scores showed no correlation in either patients or controls.ConclusionPD patients have dysgeusia for all five tastes, including umami, which affects their appetite and diet. Patients preferred sweet, salty and umami tastes. This information can help adjust patients’ diets to improve their nutritional status.

Obesity and body mass index (BMI) have been reported as risk factors associated with inadequate bowel preparation, however, conflicting results have been consistently reported. This study aims to explore the association between obesity and the quality of bowel preparation. We evaluated the efficacy of bowel preparation and colonoscopy outcomes according to obesity and BMI in subjects who underwent screening colonoscopy at a single hospital between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022. Overall, the quality of bowel cleansing was assessed using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). The 4,699 subjects who underwent screening colonoscopy were classified as the non-obese (n = 3058, 65.1%) and obese (n = 1641, 34.9%) groups. The quality of bowel preparation measured by the efficacy of preparation in each segment, overall high-quality cleaning and successful cleansing, and rate of colonoscopy termination due to inadequate preparation were not significantly different between the non-obese and obese groups and according to BMI subgroups, before and after propensity score matching. Polyp and adenoma detection rates were significantly higher in the obese group than in the non-obese group after propensity score matching for age, sex, diabetes, history of abdominal surgery and type of preparation agent (60.1% vs 55.3%, p = 0.006 and 39.2% vs 36.0%, p = 0.058, respectively). Obesity and BMI were not associated with suboptimal preparation for colonoscopy when low-volume agents were used. Obese group may be considered a higher-risk population for colonic neoplasia, and given adequate bowel preparation, they are well suited for screening colonoscopy.

Background:High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in obese subjects is documented, due to volumetric dilution into the greater volumes of fat, serum, liver and muscle. Vitamin D deficiency in obese...

Body mass index (BMI) may affect the response to platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. We aimed to explore whether BMI influenced the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor and clopidogrel for secondary prevention of minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) among patients enrolled in the CHANCE-2 (Ticagrelor or Clopidogrel with Aspirin in High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events II) trial. In a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, conducted in China, we randomized patients with minor stroke or TIA who carried the CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele to receive either ticagrelor-acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or clopidogrel-ASA. We classified patients into obese (BMI ≥ 28) or nonobese (BMI < 28) groups. The primary efficacy outcome was stroke within 90 days, and the primary safety outcome was severe or moderate bleeding within 90 days. Among 6412 patients, 876 were classified as obese and 5536 were classified as nonobese. Compared with clopidogrel-ASA, ticagrelor-ASA was associated with a significantly lower rate of stroke within 90 days among patients with obesity (25 [5.4%] v. 47 [11.3%]; hazard ratio [HR] 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30-0.87), but not among those in the nonobese group (166 [6.0%] v. 196 [7.0%]; HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.69-1.04) The interaction of treatment and BMI group was significant (p for interaction = 0.04). We did not observe any difference by BMI group in rates of severe or moderate bleeding (9 [0.3%] v. 10 [0.4%] in the nonobese group; 0 [0.0%] v. 1 [0.2%] in the obese group; p for interaction = 0.99). In this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial involving patients with minor ischemic stroke or TIA, compared with clopidogrel-ASA, patients with obesity received more clinical benefit from ticagrelor-ASA therapy than those without obesity. Clinicaltrials.gov, no. NCT04078737.

To investigate characteristics of glucose metabolism of non-obese and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). From May 2006 to April 2009, 1928 PCOS patients treated in Reproductive Medicine Center of Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University were enrolled in this study, which were divided into 901 cases [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m²] in obese group and 1027 cases in non-obese (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)) group. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), oral glucose tolerance test, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were compared between the two groups. (1) Blood glucose levels: at the time of fasting, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, the levels of glucose were (5.3 ± 1.1), (9.0 ± 2.4), (9.3 ± 4.4), (7.5 ± 2.8), (5.3 ± 1.8) mmol/L in obese group and (5.0 ± 0.8), (8.4 ± 3.5), (8.0 ± 4.2), (6.5 ± 3.2), (4.9 ± 1.6) mmol/L in non-obese group, which all showed statistical difference at every time point (P < 0.01). (2)The level of insulin: at the time of fasting, 30, 60, 120 min, the level of insulin were (13 ± 7), (81 ± 51), (102 ± 65), (83 ± 63) mU/L in obese group and (8 ± 5), (57 ± 35), (62 ± 44), (46 ± 39) mU/L in non-obese group, which all showed statistical difference at every time point (P < 0.01). However, at time point of 180 minutes, the level of insulin did not exhibit significantly difference between obese and non-obese group (P > 0.05). (3) The prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism: the rate of IFG was 4.98% (96/1928). The rate of abnormal glucose tolerance was 23.08% (445/1928). The rate of IGT were 13.05% (134/1027) in non-obese group and 24.20% (218/901) in obese group, which also showed remarkable difference (P < 0.01). The rate of T2DM were 2.53% (26/1027) in non-obese group and 7.44% (67/901) in obese group, which reached significant difference (P < 0.01). Abnormal glucose metabolism was observed more frequently in overweight or obese PCOS women.

Background: We previously reported that HbA1c levels and body weight significantly decreased by 0.6% and by 0.8 kg, respectively, at 6 months after sitagliptin treatment started. We found a significant and negative correlation between change in body weight and body mass index (BMI) at baseline. Methods: We retrospectively sub-analyzed effects of 6-month treatment with sitagliptin on glucose and lipid metabolism, blood pressure, body weight and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes, by dividing 173 type 2 diabetic subjects into obese group (BMI is greater than or equal to 25) and non-obese group (BMI &lt; 25). Results: At baseline, obese group was significantly younger than non-obese group. Diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in obese group were significantly higher than in non-obese group. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in obese group was significantly lower than in non-obese group. At 6 months after the start of sitagliptin use, body weight significantly decreased in obese group, while body weight did not change in non-obese group. HbA1c significantly decreased in both groups. Serum HDL-C significantly decreased in obese group, while serum HDL-C did not change in non-obese group. Serum TG significantly decreased in obese group, while serum TG significantly increased in non-obese group. Change in serum TG was significantly and inversely correlated with BMI at baseline. Conclusions: We found significant differences in effects of sitagliptin treatment on body weight and lipid metabolism between obese and non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Sitagliptin improved HbA1c regardless of the existence of obesity. In obese people, sitagliptin significantly reduced body weight and serum TG. Sitagliptin reduced serum TG in a baseline-BMI-dependent manner. J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;4(5-6):136-142 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jem243w

Background: We previously reported that HbA1c levels and body weight significantly decreased by 0.6% and by 0.8 kg, respectively, at 6 months after sitagliptin treatment started. We found a significant and negative correlation between change in body weight and body mass index (BMI) at baseline. Methods: We retrospectively sub-analyzed effects of 6-month treatment with sitagliptin on glucose and lipid metabolism, blood pressure, body weight and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes, by dividing 173 type 2 diabetic subjects into obese group (BMI is greater than or equal to 25) and non-obese group (BMI < 25). Results: At baseline, obese group was significantly younger than non-obese group. Diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in obese group were significantly higher than in non-obese group. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in obese group was significantly lower than in non-obese group. At 6 months after the start of sitagliptin use, body weight significantly decreased in obese group, while body weight did not change in non-obese group. HbA1c significantly decreased in both groups. Serum HDL-C significantly decreased in obese group, while serum HDL-C did not change in non-obese group. Serum TG significantly decreased in obese group, while serum TG significantly increased in non-obese group. Change in serum TG was significantly and inversely correlated with BMI at baseline. Conclusions: We found significant differences in effects of sitagliptin treatment on body weight and lipid metabolism between obese and non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Sitagliptin improved HbA1c regardless of the existence of obesity. In obese people, sitagliptin significantly reduced body weight and serum TG. Sitagliptin reduced serum TG in a baseline-BMI-dependent manner. J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;4(5-6):136-142 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jem243w