Tartu Ülikooli kunstiajalooõpetuse moderniseerimisest ja kollektsioonide rollist kunstiajaloo professori valimistel aastatel 1919–1921

“Kunstiajalugu on ju siinses ülikoolis uus distsipliin.” Tartu ülikooli kunstiajaloo kabineti rajamine

The article is the first attempt to present the beginnings of Estonian professional art history in the 1920s in a regional and global context. The author strives to situate the University of Tartu (Dorpat) in the pan-European network of universities, where art history had gradually become regarded as a new discipline during and after the long 19th century. Art history is rooted in the Age of Enlightenment, with Johann Joachim Winckelmann retrospectively named the father of art history. But it was about a half century after his death that art history was incorporated into a general subject of aesthetics taught at universities. It took another fifty years for art history to become a separate discipline in the modern universities of Germany and Austria-Hungary, and another half century to receive a separate chair at the Estonian national university in Tartu. The development of art history as a discipline at the University of Tartu is analysed on a very granular level, based on primary sources from Estonian and Swedish archives. During the 19th century art and its history were used to the ends of national politics and in search of national identities. In Estonia, this was hindered by the activities of another ethnic group, the Baltic-Germans, who had been the ruling class in the Baltic provinces of the Russian Empire. The first professor of art history at the Estonian University of Tartu, Helge Kjellin, wanted to bridge the gap between Estonian and Baltic art history. He attempted to merge these two concepts and define the territorial concept of Estonian art from the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 20th century. He also defined this as a proper field of study for Estonian art historians. However, after his departure from Estonia, art history was neglected and irrelevant for the Estonian University and the Estonian Republic. Science and academic professions were regarded as a masculine field of activity until after the Second World War. Only the lack of men, who had died in the war, enabled women to start seeking a more equal place in the academic world worthy of their intellectual ability. Despite there being many capable female students among those who studied art history with Kjellin, the first female professor of art history in Estonia, Krista Kodres, was elected to the Estonian Academy of Arts only in 2003.

About the Authors

Archaeological Collections of the University of Tartu: Past and Present Andres Tvauri PhD, Heiki Valk PhD, UT Institute of History and Archaeology Archaeological collections are the main source material for the study of prehistory and in the context of Estonia, and a most valuable source also for the study of the Middle Ages, especially of the native rural population. The archaeological collections of the University of Tartu are the oldest and second-largest in Estonia. Foundation to the collections at the University of Tartu was laid by the Learned Estonian Society (founded in 1838). During the Czar time, the collections gradually increased, involving also a multitude of finds from the Latvian part of the province of Livland. The collections were located at the Vaterlandische Museum zu Dorpat that existed in Tartu in 1861–1921. When Estonia became independent after World War I, the teaching of archaeology as a speciality began at the University of Tartu in 1920. In 1921 the Cabinet of Archaeology ( Arheoloogia Kabinet ) that became responsible for archaeological research together with the Museum of Archaeology were founded at the chair of archaeology. The archaeological collections of the Learned Estonian Society were now deposited to the University and in the first half of the 1920s also some other archaeological collections were deposited there. By 1940, the collections included 3868 main numbers already. During World War II and also for some time after it, the continuity of teaching archaeology and archaeological collections was preserved in Tartu. When the Soviet system of the institutes of the Academy of Sciences was introduced in Estonia, the archaeological collections of the university were delivered to the newly founded Institute of History in 1947. When the chair of archaeology was closed in 1950 and the institute was moved to Tallinn in 1951, also the archaeological collections and archives were taken to the capital of Estonia soon. In the early 1990s teaching of archaeology as a speciality began in Tartu again. The new research unit Archaeological Laboratory (1990–1992) laid foundation to the new archaeological collections and archives again. On the basis of the laboratory, the Cabinet of Archaeology was re-established in 1993 and the new archaeological collections continued constantly growing. In 1997 archaeology gained new rooms with special store rooms and conservation laboratory at Lossi Street 3. In 2000 and 2001 the old archaeological collections of the Learned Estonian Society (with the exception of collections of coins and silver artefacts) were returned to the University of Tartu. In 2011 archaeology moved to the new rooms in Jakobi Street 2, freshly reconstructed for the needs of the speciality. There the new complex of archaeology includes special store rooms also for human osteological and zooarchaeological collections and for archaeological samples. To the complex belong also room for work with finds, a big conservation and research laboratory, as well as archives and library. Presently the new archaeological collections include ca. 2200 main numbers, gained as a result of field inventories (mostly in southern and eastern Estonia) and archaeological excavations carried out by the University. In the university store room are located also the old collections of the Learned Estonian Society, and some deposits from several local museums of southern Estonia. The two largest archaeological collections of Estonia – at the Institute of History, University of Tallinn (that keeps also the collections of the University of Tartu from 1921–1950) and at the University of Tartu – do not belong to the system of state museums but have the status of scientific collections. The location of collections at research and teaching institutions has granted a flexible access to them for research and teaching purposes. Archaeological collections and archives are the main basis for the archaeological research conducted at the University of Tartu. The existence of collections and conservation facilities is also crucially important from the perspective of teaching archaeology. Participation in the work with finds forms an important part of practical teaching of archaeology. The presence of collections has provided a most essential contribution to the quantitative and qualitative progress in the research and development activities, in schooling of new specialists and in the development of the scope of archaeology at the University of Tartu. We also cannot deny the role of old collections at making and keeping academic university atmosphere at the department of archaeology. The success story of archaeology at the University of Tartu during the last decades is connected not only with people, but greatly also with material preconditions for research and teaching, including the archaeological collections and archives.

On the underlying principles of supplementing the collections of the History Museum of the University of Tartu: a future retrospect Leili Kriis, MA, Chief Treasurer of the History Museum of the University of Tartu The History Museum was created at the University of Tartu in 1976 with the aim of recording the history of the university in particular and of science in general. The museum statutes changed but its goals remained basically the same. From the outset the museum has been responsible for the safekeeping of the old items submitted to it – and for keeping an eye on the old items still used by the university. The elaborated plan with principles of collection was compiled in 1998. It was expanded in 2004 when the museums of nature, art and history of the University of Tartu were merged and each museum had to work on their autonomous collection policies. The sphere covered by the collecting work of the History Museum has essentially remained the same because while collecting things connected with the university the museum has also been collecting items pertaining to the Estonian (and, selectively, global) history of education and science. It is natural for the principles of supplementation of museum collections to be changing and evolving in accordance with overall developments at the University of Tartu and in universities worldwide. When the new collection principles plan for 2012 was being compiled, the focal issue was how the collections of the museum were special and different from other similar domestic and foreign collections. The collections of the History Museum of the University of Tartu are indeed unique in the context of Estonian memory institutions because it is the oldest (and, in the 17 th and 19 th centuries, the sole) university in the region. Our collections have distinctive features in the global context of university museum collections, too. This museum has the oldest, most extensive and unique collection of scientific equipment in Estonia. Of international interest are the collections dedicated to education and science and containing items of both local and foreign origin. The main emphasis for museum collection supplementation over the next few decades must be on gathering and documenting modern subject matter (or that from the recent past). These are the priorities: collecting of locally made (University of Tartu, City of Tartu and Estonia) scientific instruments and important scientific research results in the form of material, documentary or digital information; remarkable people with connections to the university (scientists, lecturers, students and alumni) and materials reflecting on their creative and other activities; recording of changes in the daily functioning of the university (anniversaries, events, renovations of historically valuable buildings etc.); and the history of education and science (in Estonia and globally) in the context of the University of Tartu. All personal archives are still to be submitted to the university library while the archives of digital photographs and videos are to evolve as part of the multimedia department. Among the planned activities for museum collection supplementation are the invariably vital tasks of preserving cultural heritage and facilitating historical research. In our collecting work we must take into account the stipulated preservation conditions (also applicable to digital materials) and the resources available for thorough processing of the collections and their public display (via databases, exhibitions, publications and otherwise). The collecting work is and will remain a creative activity, even within the framework of the set supplementation principles, and necessitates assessment of the value of the potential museum items and making of choices.

This article is motivated by two important anniversaries: in the autumn of 2014, 25 years passed since the specialty of sociology was started to be taught at the University of Tartu; on 23 December 2015 Paul Kenkmann (1945–2001), the establisher of the specialty and the first Full Professor of Sociology at the University of Tartu would have turned 70. The precursor of social sciences was taught at the University of Tartu already in the 19 th century. Professor of Theology in 1856–1890, Alexander von Oettingen (1827–1905), published his monograph Die Moralstatistik und ihre Bedeutung fur eine Sozialethik in 1868. Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932), the Nobel Prize winner in chemistry in 1909 who had studied and taught chemistry in Tartu in 1872–1882, published Energetische Grundlagen der Kulturwissenschaft in 1909 in Leipzig and he envisioned the founding principles of sociology from the viewpoint of energetics. In the period of 1920–1940 several scholars from the University of Tartu published studies in Estonian within the field of sociology, e.g., Hans Kruus (1891–1976) published “City and Village in Estonia” (1920); Eduard Tenmann (1878–1936) “Religion and Economy” (1938); and Alfred Koort (1901–1956), Rector of the University of Tartu in 1944–1951, wrote articles on Max Weber in the 1930s. In 1937–1939 Ilmar Tonisson (1911–1939), Master of Philosophy, studied sociology and social psychology at the London School of Economics and Political Science where he wrote his PhD thesis “Theories of Historical Causation”. He held a series of lectures on sociology-related topics at the Folk University of Tartu in 1936–1937, and applied for a permission to hold lecture courses in sociology at the University of Tartu in 1939, but was declined. In Soviet Estonia, empirical sociological studies were only allowed to be conducted by the authorities as late as in the 1960s, after the Khrushchev Thaw. In 1966 Ulo Vooglaid established the first sociological laboratory at the then State University of Tartu; sociological seminars were held near Tartu at Kaariku in 1966–1969; and Vladimir Yadov’s textbook on the methodology of sociological research was published in Tartu in 1968. It became possible for students to take courses in sociological subjects according to individual study plans. One of such students was Paul Kenkmann, student of history in 1964–1970. His diploma thesis, written in Russian under the supervision of Rem Blum, was titled “Marxism and the Problem of the Socialisation of Personality”. Kenkmann started his academic career at the State University of Tartu in 1972, and became an associate professor in 1980. In 1984 he was appointed the Head of the Department of Sociology, which had been established one year before as a consortium of five sociological research laboratories. Kenkmann continued his studies under the supervision of the pioneering Soviet sociologist Vladimir Shubkin. He defended his doctoral dissertation in Moscow in 1986, and became a part-time professor at the Department of Philosophy in June 1987. He was appointed Part-time Professor of Sociology in October 1989, and was elected to the position of Full Professor in Practical Sociology in June 1992. The first 18 students of sociology were admitted to the Faculty of History on 1 September 1989; the second class (16 students) started two years later. In the course of 25 years, a number of structural reforms in the university occurred, bringing about considerable changes in the curricula, including a longer and more versatile list of specialty subjects; the omission of foreign languages; and the more casual covering of other social science disciplines, not to mention humanities.

A Professor during the Change of the Language of Instruction: J. F. Shmurlo at the University of Tartu in 1891–1903 Ljudmila Dubjeva University of Tartu Library In the context of the late 19th century university reform and the transition from German-medium instruction to Russian-medium instruction (officially in 1893) the lecturing staff at the University of Tartu was gradually replaced. The lecturers at the faculty of history and linguistics chair of history were gradually replaced within ten years, and the chair adopted Russian-medium instruction; as of 1891 Aleksander Brückner, Professor of Russian history, was replaced with Professor Yevgeni Shmurlo (1853–1934, in Tartu 1891–1903); Richard Hausmann, Professor of general history (Middle Ages), with Professor Anton Jassinski (1864–1933, in Tartu 1896–1911) in 1896; and Professor of general history (Modern age) Otto Waltz with Professor Pavel Ardashev (1865–1924, in Tartu 1901–1903) as late as in 1901. Before coming to Tartu, Shmurlo had been a private associate professor at the University of St Petersburg, focusing mainly on the age of Peter I in his lectures, while he also taught at the women’s courses at St Petersburg. In the years 1891–1895 he was a Professor Extraordinarius and in 1895–1903 the replacement of a Professor in Ordinary at the University of Tartu. As a historian, he discovered Italian archives for Russian history, and received the title doctor honoris causa from the University of Padua in 1892 for this. Shmurlo began his activities when the University still used German as the medium of instruction. Shmurlo’s predecessor, Professor of Russian history Aleksander Brückner (worked at the University of Tartu in 1872–1891) held lectures on Russian history in Russian but provided explanations and held seminars in German. In case of Russian history, the language of instruction in lectures was not changed at all but when Shmurlo started work, seminars were also held in Russian. While his lectures were attended by 14 people in 1891, autumn semester, 9 of those had been attending A. Brückner’s lectures in the spring semester of the same year. As of 1897, when the authorities allowed accepting the alumni of I rank theological seminaries into the University, the student body increased, it started to include students of various nationalities, while Russian students became the majority group. In 1895–1900 Shmurlo was the head of the University of Tartu Library. Proceeding from the practical needs of the reformed University, a student library (sources and reference books, a sufficient number of copies) was created upon his initiative; this served Humaniora students until 2005 in only a slightly different format. Around the turn of the century, the professors at the University of Tartu were divided into camps: Germans and Russians, liberals and conservatives, whereas the Russian liberals could more easily find common grounds with the Germans than the conservatives of their nationality. Shmurlo was one of the liberals. Owing to his delicate wording, which emphasised only literary achievements and left religious and philosophical questions aside, Leo Tolstoy was successfully elected an Honorary Doctor of the University of Tartu in 1902. Shmurlo’s example proves that Russian was used, when necessary, at the University of Tartu even before the transition to Russian- medium instruction, whereas a delicate and intelligent professor could smooth the contradictions between German and Russian professors and their differing world views, so that the relations would stay on strictly academic grounds.

Estonian university vs the German language. The case of Georg Barkan and Ernst Masing It has always been important for Estonians that the foreigners who come to live in our country learn the Estonian language. Knowing Estonian is an essential factor in becoming “one of our own”. It was the case also in 1919 during the foundation of the national university, which had the aim of providing instruction fully in Estonian. It was not easy because it took time to establish a scientific community who had a command of Estonian, at first they had to accept that lectures were conducted in Russian and German as well. Initially, several concessions were made to lecturers who did not speak Estonian and these were also specified in the University of Tartu Act adopted in 1925. According to this, professors were allowed to give lectures in Russian or German for 5 years and by the permission of the Ministry of Education this period could be extended for another 3 years. Most researchers managed to learn Estonian within the time permitted by the law but two professors of the Faculty of Medicine had problems with this: Georg Barkan and Ernst Masing. Barkan, who was elected professor of pharmacology of the University of Tartu, was a talented German researcher with good organisational skills. Unfortunately, he did not learn Estonian so as to speak it at the level required for teaching in Estonian during the time permitted by the law. Several Estonian colleagues also opposed Barkan, and, based on the law, he had to leave the University of Tartu despite his fierce protests. Ernst Masing was a Baltic German who managed conversational communication in Estonian but did not consider his language skills sufficient for the lecture hall. After the establishment of the Estonian-language university, he was the first professor of the Faculty of Medicine who was commissioned. However, during this busy time—the autumn of 1919—, the matter of his language of instruction was not specified in writing and years later this caused misunderstandings. When Masing was required to give lectures in Estonian in 1934, a compromise was made and a 5-year permission was given for him to teach in German. Unfortunately, Masing also had to leave the University of Tartu in 1939 when the Baltic Germans were called back to Germany.

The Language Question in the Learned Estonian Society Kersti Taal University of Tartu Library The purpose of the Learned Estonian Society (LES) established in 1838 became to promote knowledge about the past and future of the Estonian nation, its language and literature and the lands settled by Estonians. Thus, studying and developing the Estonian language was one of the most important tasks of the Society. In this article, the language question is viewed from two perspectives: researching the Estonian language in the 19th century and the transition from German to Estonian in 1928/1929. LES started its activity at a time when even the first Estonian intellectuals, the founding members of the Society, were not yet certain whether Estonian would develop into a cultural language or whether the language of this small nation would fade away. Both the Estonians and German Estophiles thought that the language should be studied at least for the benefit of the future generations. In addition to the lecturers of the Estonian language at the University of Tartu, D. H. Jürgenson and Fr. R. Faehlmann, language studies were conducted by German pastors in the first decades. The most important linguistic undertaking became the compilation of an Estonian-German dictionary. The work progressed slowly and the dictionary was completed by F. J. Wiedemann, a member of LES and an academician at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences as late as in the 1860s. The Ehstnisch-deutsches Wörterbuch was published in 1869 by the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences since LES lacked money for it. In the second half of the 19th century Estonian was studied by the Estonians J. Hurt, M. Veske, and others. Villem Reiman was involved in publishing examples to commemorate the Old Written Language and, thus, LES published Georg Müller’s sermons, Joachim Rossihnius’s catechism and sermons dating back to the 17th century. Although Estonian was not spoken in LES in the 19th century, the Society received letters in Estonian: they were not considered untoward since some of the German members of the society were also fluent in Estonian in addition to the Estonian members. In the 19th century, only a tenth of the Society members were Estonian. When LES recommenced its activity in 1919 in the Republic of Estonia as a German-language organisation, the Germans still held the majority (in 1921 only 36 of the 164 members were Estonian). The first Estonian-language presentation – “The water deity Noova of the Livonians” – was made by Lauri Kettunen, a Finnish professor of the Estonian language on 1 March 1922. In 1928, just before the tenth anniversary of the Republic of Estonia, most of the lectures in the University of Tartu were held in Estonian and the public was increasingly asking the question of how long would the Learned Estonian Society, which was supported by the state, continue to be a German-language organisation? During the 1928 March session, the Society started to discuss the proposal of Henrik Koppel, rector of the University of Tartu, to make Estonian the official language of the Learned Estonian Society. Although the Germans did not agree with the decision, they had to accept the situation, as theirs was a minority opinion. The Germans specifically opposed that the Society’s publications would be in Estonian. The yearbook and transactions remained in German since they were meant for knowledge exchange and introducing Estonian research abroad. The Letters publication series in which works on folk poetry and ethnography were published was started to be issued in Estonian. The Germans reacted to the LES turning into an Estonian-language organisation with withdrawal; Professor Walter Anderson resigned from the position of the Society chairman and no longer edited publications. A new, mainly Estonian board was elected as late as on 4 December 1929, as the Estonians did not hold the majority in the previous year. Julius Mark, professor of linguistics, was elected the chairman. The transition to Estonian was accompanied by great changes in the entire activity of the Society. The new management succeeded in getting more financial support for the Society and its publications developed into more extensive works. Since LES turned into an Estonian-language organisation, it did not meet the fate of many other German-language societies (E(h)stländische Literärische Gesellschaft, Pernauer Alterthumforschende Gesellschaft), which ended their activity in 1939 as the Baltic Germans left.

Art historical collections form a significant part of the University of Tartu’s many scientific and historical collections. This paper provides an overview of the founding of the Art History Cabinet by the Swedish art historian and the University of Tartu’s first Professor of Art History Tor Helge Kjellin in 1922 and the travels of the cabinet and its objects, which began in 1941, as well as their temporal journey through the various University buildings. It also focuses on the fate of the vast collection of photos and reproductive prints that once belonged to the owner of the Raadi Manor and art collector Karl Eduard von Liphart, purchased for the Art History Cabinet from the Pallas Art Society on 13 November 1922 at the initiative of Professor H. Kjellin. The paper seeks to find out what is left of this collection today after frequent moving and constant lack of space. The Art History Cabinet and its items have been located in 12 different places between 1922 and 1995. It has not had its own rooms since 1941. The last place the cabinet remained for a longer period (20 years) was the building of the Estonian Students’ Society, in the dissolved (at 1940) society’s former library where it stayed from 1971 to 1992. The cabinet moved out from there in March 1992 and its objects were divided between several locations, because the University’s new building, which was supposed to become the cabinet’s new home, was not finished yet. The Liphart collection was severely damaged due to moving, but probably also due to deliberate destruction and disposal, because it was not considered thematically equal to other collections in the cabinet. At the end of December 1995, parts of the Liphart collection—mostly photos, but also reproductive and art prints that were somehow left behind or forgotten there—were discovered from a wall cupboard in the library of the building returned to the Estonian Students’ Society. The Department of Art History did not want this part of the collection back and thus it was decided to store it in the Museum of Classical Antiquities. In January 1996, additional photos were brought in from the Study Library’s storage room where most of the Art History Cabinet’s assets, including a part of the Liphart collection, were kept since March 1992. The museum selected 204 photos from the received collection and decided to send the rest, which were declared unnecessary, to the Viljandi Culture College in spring 1996, stating that only prints were sent there. These were not used as study aids but remained boxed and were stored in the college’s new building. The storage place had to be cleared due to a lack of space somewhere around 2003 and Viljandi Paalalinna Gymnasium agreed to accept the collection. The renovation of the school began in 2005 and, thanks to a teacher’s and college lecturer’s quick thinking, the photo collection found its new home in a room in St. Paul’s Church in Viljandi. Upon closer inspection of the collection stored in the church it was found that it included photos bearing the University of Tartu Art Museum stamp from the times of the Russian Empire, which meant that these came from the University of Tartu. The University of Tartu Art Museum was notified of this around five years ago and people were sent over to inspect the collection, but its fate remained undecided. It was concluded that the museum was not interested in retrieving the collection. Two years ago, this part of the Liphart collection—3,380 photos, which make it one of the largest known to survive—was given to a collector interested in the history of photography. According to an inventory book from 1933, the Liphart photo collection included 12,951 photos. Preliminary data suggests that the University owns 2,284 photos today. This means that 44% (including the pieces in private collections) of the Liphart photo collection has survived and is known to researchers. The photos and reproductive prints in the Liphart collection continue to be highly valued as examples of the history of photography but also photo printing and, from the perspective of art history, original documents of their time. However, the people involved have been unable to study and assess this collection from this perspective, especially in the last few decades.

HISTORICAL IMAGERY IN the ACADEMIC ART COLLECTION IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19 th CENTURY Tiina-Mall Kreem, Art Museum of Estonia The University of Tartu played a vital part in the shaping and propagation of Baltic historical consciousness and in the study and teaching of history. The university was also the first institution here to establish an art museum and an art education establishment – the school of drawing. Proceeding from these facts, this article reviews the historical images depicting real events obtained for the Art Museum of the University of Tartu from 1803–1868, examining whether and to what extent these images enable access to the historical culture ( Geschichtskultur ) of that epoch. The article challenges the opinion that the collection at the university’s Art Museum was accumulated randomly in the first half of the 19 th century. The author explains the fact that historical images comprise a mere 0.3% of the total collection at the museum in the following manner: at the time, the peak of popularity of historical imagery had not yet reached German linguistic space to which the University of Tartu belonged. Nonetheless, there was interest in the genre, confirmed by both the gradual supplementation of the university’s collection with historical images and the series of historical images dedicated to the Baltic Provinces of the Russian Empire, published by artist Friedrich Ludwig von Maydell in Tartu. Analysis of the university’s collection of historical imagery, which comprises around 30 sheets, enables us to divide it into two larger groups: antique history scenes and recent history scenes. In the first group we can isolate images depicting the deaths of such historical figures as Cato the Younger, Marcus Antonius, Cleopatra and Socrates. There were two reasons for purchasing such images: the wish to collect graphic reproductions of works by famous artists like Pietro Testa, Pompeo Battoni and Guido Reni and the perceived need to influence contemporaries through history – to exert moral influence. This assertion is supported by the interest displayed in acquiring imagery of dramatic political events, such as the battles fought by the armies of Alexander the Great and Constantine the Great. The images in both groups seem to fit equally well into the classical philology and history curricula at the university in the first half of the 19 th century. The imagery depicting recent historical events consists mostly of European scenes: Napoleon and his adversaries, their treaties and battles that shook Russia and which also affected the Baltic Provinces. In other words, the events that contemporaries deemed special, defining the subsequent course of history, seminal. But the sheets in the graphics collection of the university also reveal interest in the momentous events of English and American history, including the American War of Independence. The decisions to purchase such works by the University of Tartu for its Art Museum must also have been influenced by the prominence of their authors (Benjamin West, John Trumbull et al.). It is in any case the view of the author of this article that learning about the remote past through such visualisations facilitated the emergence of the local historical imagery as Maydell and other artists began creating “snapshots” of local historical events. At the same time it should be noted that research into historical imagery in Estonia is still in its infancy and more definite results will become available in autumn 2013 at the exhibition of 19 th century historical images at the Kadriorg Art Museum.

Training high school teachers in post-war Tartu State University After World War II the heavy sovietisation of Estonian education began. The key persons of this process were undoubtedly teachers, preferably those who had arrived from the Soviet Union (especially Estonians from Russia) or young people taught in Estonia in the spirit of new educational ideas. A great shift took place in the Estonian teacher community at that time. Altogether 4,176 teachers are known to have been fired, dismissed at their own request or transferred to another position during the period of 1946–1950. The only counterbalance was preparing new teachers locally. In the post-war years, high school teachers were trained only at Tartu State University, which was exceptional in the Soviet Union because elsewhere it was mainly done in pedagogical institutes. The article studies the substantial and formal changes in the sovietisation of teacher training that were realised through complying with union-wide regulations and pedagogical trends. Similarities and differences are also outlined. Secondly, the process of making teacher training obligatory at Tartu State University and its importance in providing Estonian schools with local staff is explored. Thirdly, the article attempts to disclose the role and activity of various people related to pedagogy at the time in this process. The study is mainly based on new and practically unused archive sources related to the history of the University of Tartu. During the era of Stalinism, teacher training became obligatory for everyone in the University of Tartu faculties that taught subjects also covered by general education schools. In the 1940s there were few university graduates, incl. teachers, but since the spring of 1950 the number of people who were appointed as teachers from Tartu State University increased significantly. The establishment of the Tallinn Pedagogical Institute in 1952 added a second educational institution in Estonia that trained high school teachers and helped provide the schools with local staff. It was mainly the service of the chairs of pedagogy that teacher training persisted at the University of Tartu. However, it was the service of the specialisation chairs that teachers received an education, which was, to a great extent, in the spirit of the traditions of the independence era. Therefore, the compulsory teacher training of the university contributed much to educating university graduate, Estonian-minded, Estonian and Russian speaking teachers for Estonian schools to counter the Russian-minded and Russian speaking teachers who were appointed to Estonia from elsewhere.

Professor Heiki Muur had his successful professional career mainly during the soviet period. Heiki Muur was born in 1932 in Tallinn. In 1954, at the age of 22, he received the diploma from the Tallinn Technical University, honouring him as a good specialist in socialist economy. This educational background allowed him to continue the post-graduate studies in the Moscow Institute of Economics. In 1959, he defended PhD thesis (candidate in economics), and in 1976, was approved as the habilitated doctor in Economics. Heiki Muur started his academic career at the Tartu State University in 1956, working initially as a lector and later as a docent and a professor. He published several books in Estonian that were actively used by the students as well as practitioners: Management and Planning, 1964; Prices and Economic Reform, 1971; Economic Planning, 1971; Economics and National Economy (editor of the series of books, 1972-1974; National Balance and Planning (1987, co-author). During his academic career, professor Heiki Muur demonstrated good abilities for leadership working as a vice dean and the dean at Tartu State University, and after 1990s, as a head of the institute of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at the University of Tartu. During the years 1981-1986, he was the director of the Research Institute, which worked for the Soviet Estonian government in Tallinn; during these years, he also continued to work as a part-time professor at the university. We, as his students of the field of “economic cybernetics” (mathematical economics) and successors, appreciate particularly highly his activities and success in establishing and promoting education in mathematical economics at the Faculty of Economics of the Tartu State University. The new specialisation in the soviet economic education with the name “economic cybernetics” was opened at the Tartu State University in 1967. Professor Heiki Muur devoted lots of his energy, time and knowledge to create the school of young economists who have good knowledge in applying mathematical and statistical methods for analysing economic problems in Estonia. The knowledge in economics and research methodology of these graduates was not heavily related to the soviet rules of the economic mechanism. In collaboration with the young postgraduates, professor Muur started to develop applied research for the soviet firms examining the relationship between the working conditions and economic outcomes and implementing modern mathematical and statistical methods by conducting economic analysis. He was one of the initiators and organisers of the high scientific level economic conference on applying modern methods for analysing economic processes in Tallinn in 1981. L. Kantorovits, the only soviet economist who got Nobel Prize (1975) in relation to elaborating and developing linear programming methods, was among the participants of the conference. Professor Heiki Muur was innovative and flexible in starting to restructure the curricula and study process at the University of Tartu after Estonia regains its independence. He was the initiator of offering new study courses in market economy not only for the students of the Faculty of Economics, but also for students from other faculties as well as for practitioners. The graduates, who obtained diploma in “economic cybernetics” and belonged to the school of the Estonian economists established by the significant contribution of professor Heiki Muur continued his work being the initiators and developers of the new economic curricula and of restructuring economic education and research in compliance with high level international requirements

The article focuses on the fate of the portrait of Alexander I of Russia painted by the renowned German artist Gerhard von Kügelgen (1772–1820), which used to belong to the University of Tartu, and introduces what is thought to be the first photograph of this portrait. The collections of the University of Tartu include six highly valuable portraits by Kügelgen. In the 1820s, the University of Tartu Art Museum acquired—with the help of the Museum’s Director Professor Karl Morgenstern—the portraits of the so-called three Weimar classics: J. W. von Goethe (1808–1809), Chr. M. Wieland (1808–1809) and J. G. von Herder (1809) with the later addition of the portraits of Morgenstern himself (1808–1809) and the archaeologist K. A. Böttiger from Morgenstern’s private collection. In 2016, it also managed to obtain the portrait of the first Rector of the reopened University Georg Friedrich Parrot. No known images survive of the allegorical portrait of Emperor Alexander I of Russia, which used to hang in the University’s Assembly Hall. A detailed description of the portrait was published with Karl Morgenstern’s speech dedicated to the emperor in 1827 (Karl Morgenstern. Vom Verdienste: Zum Gedächtniss Alexanders des Ersten. Mitau, Hamburg, 1827): a full-length figure of Alexander I as an Ancient Roman priest emptying the contents of a golden bowl into a sacrificial tripod. Behind him stood the statue of Athena pointing at a tablet with the word ‘Humanitati’ on it. The portrait was ordered through Rector Parrot for the University’s Assembly Hall and was finished already in 1804. The portrait was first displayed in the rector’s apartment, but was later moved to the Assembly Hall where it remained from 1809 to 1826. The portrait’s frame was designed by the University architect Johann Wilhelm Krause. In 1826, Kügelgen’s painting in the Assembly Hall was replaced by a new portrait of Alexander I by the artist Georg Dawe. Kügelgen’s portrait was handed over to the Art Museum and it remained in the University’s Main Building. An article published in the Riga Almanac in 1881 (Rigascher Almanach für 1882) states that the portrait was put on display in the University Library. The author remembered this article when she noticed a large portrait of the emperor (Figure 5) in a photograph of the interior of the University Library. The photo depicts what is now the White Hall of the University of Tartu Museum in 1910 with artworks that can be found in the University’s collections even today: Kügelgen’s portraits of the Weimar classics and plaster sculptures of the muses. At the centre of the photograph there is a full-length portrait of an emperor of Russia, which is not part of the University’s collections today. A contemporary library inventory book features only one full-length portrait of a Russian emperor: Portrait of Alexander I (Kaiser Alexander’s I Bild in Lebensgrösse in Goldrahmen nebst Mahagony-Gestell). The quality of the photograph is poor, but the figure depicted in it bears great resemblance to Karl Morgernstern’s description. The photo depicts a full-length figure wearing a cape and light-coloured clothing. The pose, the position of the hands (the left hand on the hip and the right one extended), the clothing and its colour match, too, and the fastening of the cape is on the correct shoulder. The painting depicts the face of a fair-haired young beardless man. On the right-hand side there is also a faint image of a pillar. Even though the photograph cannot be compared to another image and its description does not include any references to the artworks depicted on it, one can safely say that it features Kügelgen’s portrait of Alexander I, which used to belong to the University of Tartu. The University’s art collections were evacuated to Voronezh in Russia in 1915 due to World War I. Some of these were returned, but a large part of them still remain in Voronezh even today. The fate of these collections is recorded in a catalogue published in 2006 (Dorpat-Yuryev-Tartu and Voronezh: the Fate of the University Collection: Catalogue I. By Anu Hindikainen, Inge Kukk, Yelena Pchenitsyna and Anatoli Vilkov. University of Tartu, 2006). The catalogue does not mention Kügelgen’s portrait of Alexander I, yet an enquiry made to the Kramskoy Museum of Fine Arts in Voronezh confirmed that Kügelgen’s painting was evacuated to Voronezh but disappeared from the museum’s collection during World War II. The painting is thought to have perished. Thus, we have a new piece of information regarding the fate of the University collections in Voronezh.

Docent Ulo Kauer was one of the founders of finance and credit teachings at the Chair of Finance and Credit in the University of Tartu after the Faculty of Economics was moved from Tallinn back to Tartu. He took up his employment with the Chair of Finance and Credit right after the establishment of the Chair in 1957 and worked there until his retirement at the age of seventy-two in February 1994. He came to the University of Tartu from Valga Technical School, where he had worked as a teacher, and was given the position of a senior lecturer because of his teaching experience. Here he defended his dissertation and became a docent in 1969, remaining in this position for almost 25 years. The years of Ulo Kauer`s youth were shadowed by war. In July 1941 he was mobilised to the Soviet Army where he served until autumn 1944. After returning to civilian life he had to attain upper secondary education. Thereafter he enrolled as a student in the Faculty of Economics of Tallinn Polytechnic Institute that he graduated with distinction in 1950. But even before he graduated from the Institute, he was sent to Valga Technical School of Accounting and Planning to work as a teacher in autumn 1949 and after the school was closed down he was asked to become a teacher of the Chair of Finance and Credit of Tartu State University. According to his colleagues, Ulo Kauer was extremely thorough in his research as well as teaching work. This is also the reason why his teaching aids and lectures were held in high regard. He penned almost 50 teaching aids and articles on banking. Furthermore, he was one of the most acknowledged authors of the Estonian Encyclopaedia and wrote more than 120 keyword articles for the Encyclopaedia. His doctoral dissertation, which discussed financing problems in the area of construction of residential buildings in Estonia, was extremely thorough and developed into a work of 340 pages. Besides his thorough approach to work, Ulo Kauer was also very friendly and helpful, which is why he was trusted many central managerial tasks at the Faculty of Economics of the University. He was Deputy Dean of Distance Learning and Chairman of Methodology Committee for a long time. He served as Secretary of Dissertation Committee for three years and was constantly given the job of course supervisor. Moreover, he gave a large number of lectures and taught both full-time and part-time (distance learning) students. Ulo Kauer was born in Tartu to a gardener’s family. This is why he was also interested in horticulture, especially in growing roses. Hence, after he was employed by the University he started to build a house and create a garden on the bank of River Emajogi where he could enjoy summer nights with his family, away from the noise of the town centre. His wife and daughter also chose teaching as profession. This love for education characterises the atmosphere in their family. A thorough researcher, Ulo Kauer became one of internationally recognised experts in the field of philately. He had more time to indulge in this hobby during his years of retirement. Besides his mother tongue, he knew the German, English and Russian languages and was therefore a sought-after philately consultant and expert for German philatelists. Ulo`s earthly path ended a few days before his 82th birthday. He is buried to Raadi Cemetery in Tartu where rest most of his colleagues and scientists and researchers of Tartu. We cherish the memory of Ulo as a very diligent and thorough researcher who was our role model and source of inspiration.