Targeting for poverty reduction: some open questions

This study conducted a comprehensive literature review on global poverty alleviation and eradication. A structured literature review (SLR) was employed, collecting 955 articles from the Scopus database spanning from 1990 to 2022. The data was analyzed using bibliometric analysis tools and Excel. The paper explores the significant and conceptual aspects of the published literature on poverty alleviation and eradication. Additionally, it highlights the global issues faced by humanity, such as poverty alleviation and eradication, their origins, and implications. The study also provides potential directions for future research in this field by examining the poverty alleviation and eradication strategies employed by China and the USA. The significance of this study lies in the need for further research on the factors limiting efforts toward poverty alleviation and eradication from a global perspective. These findings can serve as a foundation for global anti-poverty initiatives and offer insights into reducing poverty in underdeveloped and developing nations worldwide.

Regional poverty is one of the most serious challenges facing the world today. Poverty, antipoverty, and poverty alleviation are the focus of the attention of scholars and the public. This paper takes China’s counties as the research unit, selects the influencing factors of poverty from natural and socio-economic factors, establishes an evaluation index system, simulates the natural poverty index and socio-economic poverty eradication index of each county, and clarifies the distribution characteristics of spatial poverty using GIS spatial analysis and BP artificial neural network. The results indicate that natural factors are the main cause of poverty in Chinese counties, with 710 counties having a high natural poverty index, accounting for nearly 30% of the total number of counties in the country. The national county-level natural poverty index shows a clear strip distribution pattern along latitude and longitude, with a strip distribution from north to south and from west to east; socio-economic factors have played a certain role in poverty alleviation, with as many as 1521 counties with low socio-economic poverty alleviation indices, accounting for approximately 64% of the total number of counties in the country. The spatial distribution of the county-level socio-economic poverty alleviation index is relatively fragmented. Through spatial scanning statistics, a total of 44 county poverty pressure index risk clusters reached a statistical significance level, involving 243 counties and districts. In poverty reduction practice, the internal counties and districts of contiguous poverty-stricken areas should strengthen cooperation and exchange. In the process of poverty alleviation and development, targeted poverty alleviation and economic development should be carried out based on the poverty-dominant type and self-development ability of the county, in order to improve efficiency. Regions that are relatively prosperous and have taken the lead in poverty reduction should play a leading and exemplary role in strengthening the radiation power of regional central cities. The prominent feature of this study is the comprehensive utilization of multisource data and the use of new spatial analysis methods (flexible spatial scanning method is widely used in the field of infectious disease prevention and control research). By constructing a multidimensional poverty measurement system that includes natural and social factors, it distinguishes the differences between the factors that cause poverty and the factors that eliminate poverty in regional poverty. At the same time, the flexible spatial scanning detection method was used to detect the differentiation mechanism of poverty spatial patterns.

Poverty is largely a rural phenomenon. Eradication of poverty is the utmost challenge facing India and of women in particular. Self-Help Group Programme (SHGP) is currently being promoted as a key strategy for simultaneously dealing with both poverty alleviation and women's empowerment. The present study made an attempt to assess the impact of SHG programme on eradication of rural women's poverty. Stratified multi stage random sampling technique is used in the primary data collection. To assess the impact of SHG programme on eradication of rural poverty, the “Poverty Eradication Index (PEI)” is considered with emphasis on two causal factors namely--employment generation and income generation and three impact factors namely--consumption pattern, skill and knowledge level and health care. On the basis of Index number method the total poverty eradication index is calculated for the selected districts of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh as a whole. The study reveals that eventhough the SHG programme has provided a good environment for the upliftment of the rural poor women in the study area; still poverty persists among the rural poor women.

The study of the implementation of Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) program in Indonesia aims to find out the background and significance of the program taken by the government under President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in 2009-2014 on the issue of eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. The problem of extreme poverty and hunger in Indonesia has not been solved comprehensively. Therefore, the government had to provide the right program to end poverty. The research based on the qualitative method, which uses official reports, literature review and news articles as the sources. The result showed that the programs of eradication extreme poverty and hunger in 2009-2014 had been revised became three clusters. The first cluster aims to help and protects the social family guarantee and to assure the basic needs. The second cluster is the eradication of poverty and hunger through the social assistance program. The third cluster was focusing on eradication of poverty and hunger in term of economic matter. The government used the indicators by UNDP, as the base of the decision-making process, but also used the real condition of poor people in Indonesia as the main consideration.

No AccessPolicy Research Working Papers22 Jun 2013Poverty and inequality maps for rural Vietnam: an application of small area estimationAuthors/Editors: Roy van der Weide, Nguyen Viet Cuong, Tran Ngoc TruongRoy van der Weide, Nguyen Viet Cuong, Tran Ngoc Truonghttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5443SectionsAboutPDF (2.1 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:The objective of the paper is to update the small area estimates of poverty and inequality for rural Vietnam. The new estimates of province and district level poverty for the year 2006, when combined with estimates available for 1999, allow for examination of how poverty has changed in rural Vietnam over the past seven years. The analysis finds that all provinces across the country experienced a noticeable reduction in rural poverty during the period 1999-2006. Some of the largest reductions in poverty are observed for provinces with poverty rates close to the national average. The poorest provinces have also experienced reductions in poverty, albeit at a more modest pace. Provinces and districts with lower levels of inequality in 2006 have seen above average poverty reductions. The authors consider both expenditure and income based measures of poverty and inequality, and find the results to be very similar. Previous bookNext book FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byTargeting Administrative Regions for Multidimensional Poverty Alleviation: A Study on VietnamSocial Indicators Research, Vol.150, No.111 February 2020Windfalls, structural transformation and specializationJournal of International Economics, Vol.90, No.2A characterization of oil price behavior — Evidence from jump modelsEnergy Economics, Vol.34, No.5 View Published: October 2010 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsEast Asia & PacificRelated CountriesVietnamRelated TopicsMacroeconomics and Economic GrowthPoverty Reduction KeywordsEMPLOYMENT STATUSESTIMATES OF POVERTYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYINCOMEINEQUALITYPOORPOVERTY ESTIMATESPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY MAPPINGPOVERTY MAPSPOVERTY MEASUREMENTPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAMSRURALRURAL AREASRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL LIVELIHOODSRURAL POVERTYWAR PDF DownloadLoading ...

Demographics, labor income, public transfers, or remittances: Which factor contributes the most to observed reductions in poverty? Using counterfactual simulations, this paper accounts for the contribution labor income has made to the observed changes in poverty over the past decade for a set of 16 countries that have experienced substantial declines in poverty. In contrast to methods that focus on aggregate summary statistics, the analysis generates entire counterfactual distributions that allow assessing the contributions of different factors to observed distributional changes. Decompositions across all possible paths are calculated so the estimates are not subject to path-dependence. The analysis shows that for most countries in the sample, labor income is the most important contributor to changes in poverty. In ten of the countries, labor income explains more than half of the change in moderate poverty; in another four, it accounts for more than 40 percent of the reduction in poverty. Although public and private transfers were relatively more important in explaining the reduction in extreme poverty, more and better-paying jobs were the key factors behind poverty reduction over the past decade.

Poverty alleviation is high on the global policy agenda, its importance being emphasised by its place as the first of the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals. As a potentially significant source of economic growth in developing countries, tourism may also play a major role in poverty reduction and alleviation under the right circumstances. The incorporation of tourism into development policy and Poverty Reduction Strategies has special poignancy for those Least Developed Countries where natural resources exist to support a tourism industry and there are limited development alternatives. This book offers a holistic, explicit and detailed introduction to the relationship of poverty and tourism within the context of developing countries. The book is divided into distinct sections, progressing from an evaluation of the key concepts of poverty, tourism and development; to the causal factors of poverty; to the mechanisms of how tourism is being implemented in policy and practice to reduce poverty and finally to an analysis of the relationship between tourism to poverty alleviation in the future. The adopted analytical approach of the key themes is multi-disciplinary, incorporating tourism studies, human geography, political economy, economics, development and environmental studies. It integrates examples and original case studies from varying geographical developing regions including Africa, South Asian and East Asia and the Pacific, to lend practical insights into tourism’s role in poverty alleviation. The text will be of particular interest to higher education students from tourism studies, geography, political economy, environmental and development studies, and sociology backgrounds. It will also be of relevance to government and policy makers, alongside those who have a more general interest in poverty alleviation.

Overcoming poverty is the top priority of the 13th Five-Year Plan and the key to achieving the first century-long goal of a well-off society in an all-round way. With the continuous advancement of poverty alleviation work in China, the poverty alleviation work has encountered various difficulties, such as “the scattered distribution of poor households, multiple causes of poverty, and inadequate poverty relief”, and the effectiveness of poverty alleviation has been weakened. Against this background, General Secretary Xi Jinping made important instructions on “targeted poverty alleviation” and successively introduced related policies on targeted poverty alleviation in the following years, opening a new chapter for China’s poverty alleviation. Based on the social background of the “China Highlights, World Model” poverty alleviation effect in Guangdong Province, this paper selects the “S Village in Qingyuan City” to carry out field research, elaborates the existing poverty alleviation projects in S Village, and uses Smith policy to perform theoretical analysis, and analyzes the reasons for its effectiveness. Through analysis, it is found that the reason for the outstanding effect of poverty alleviation in S Village is that the poverty alleviation subjects such as the village poverty alleviation task force made full use of poverty reduction policies support, faced the poor households who were desperate to get rid of poverty, accurately analyzed their causes of poverty, and adopted corresponding poverty alleviation measures to stimulate. The endogenous drive for poverty alleviation of poor households was achieved, and the goal of joint efforts for poverty alleviation was achieved. Finally, this article builds an effective and targeted poverty alleviation system based on the effectiveness of poverty alleviation in S Village. Targeting both sides of poverty alleviation is the foundation, achieving the precise supply and demand of poor households is the key, implementing the responsibility of both sides is fundamental, and using appropriate means of poverty alleviation is the guarantee.

This study started with the foresight of the entire study comprising the introduction of the subject matter of the research work which is An Evaluation of Government Policies on Poverty Eradication. A case study of NAPEP in Ogbadibo LGA. In the review of literature, it was discovered that there are various opinions to the explanation of poverty in Nigeria. While some see poverty as the lack of basic amenities, others see poverty as poor investment in human capital on the whole; there was a convergence among different authors that Nigerians are poor. The survey study shows that the awareness level of NAPEP and her programmes are quite okay, but the implementation level remains very minimal in Ogbadibo LGA. Hypotheses were tested at 0.05 significance level with a degree of freedom (R - 1) (C - 1). The study revealed that National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) has not impacted significantly on poverty reduction or eradication in Ogbadibo LGA. This conclusion was drawn from an empirical analysis using chi-square which led to rejecting the alternative hypothesis that National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) has impacted significantly on poverty eradication in Ogbadibo LGA.

Purpose The present study aims to examine the moderating impact of governance quality on the tourism poverty nexus using a panel of six South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries during the period 2002 to 2019. Design/methodology/approach For the soundness of the results, fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) econometric models were applied to determine the long-run relationship. Findings The findings confirmed the positive and significant impact of tourism development (international tourism arrival) and governance quality (effectiveness of governmental services) on poverty (per capita household consumption) reduction. Interestingly results confirm that governance quality and tourism development have complementary impacts on poverty reduction. Originality/value The present study has twofold contributions; First, despite the high potential of SAARC tourism, research remains limited in studies examining the role of tourism and governance quality on poverty reduction within the SAARC region. As a result, the present paper presents critical insights into the impact of tourism inflow and governance quality on poverty reduction in South Asian countries. Second, to the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first attempt to conduct an econometric analysis to examine the role of governance quality on the relationship between tourism inflow and poverty reduction in SAARC countries.

Concentrated and contiguous poverty-stricken areas（CCPAs）are the main battlefield of poverty alleviation in China. Green development is an important measure of targeted poverty alleviation in China. How green development can promote poverty alleviation in CCPAs is related to the policy trend of China’s future modernization.This paper provides a comparative analysis for the CCPA group and the non-concentrated and non-contiguous poverty-stricken area（NNPA）group based on the 2001-2007 panel data of 284 prefectural-level cities constituted by CCPAs and NNPAs. And we refer the sustainable development livelihood framework to study the poverty alleviation effect and mechanism of green development. Furthermore, this paper chooses two variables, the air ventilation coefficient and the word frequency of green development in the government working report, as the instrumental variable（IV）for green development, which in turn allows us to estimate the influence of green development on poverty alleviation in the econometric framework of two-stage OLS（2SLS）.The results indicate that: （1）The impact of green development on poverty alleviation in both CCPAs and NNPAs is marked by an inverted U-shaped curve. However, compared with NNPAs, both the effect of green poverty alleviation and the effect of transformation are more significant in CCPAs.（2）Green development affects poverty alleviation mainly through the knowledge spillover effect in both CCPAs and NNPAs, indicating that the green-led education poverty alleviation can directly affect the poor, which is an important measure to promote poverty alleviation.（3）We find a significantly diminishing marginal effect between knowledge spillover effect and poverty alleviation, but the diminishing marginal effect in CCPAs is more obvious than that in NNPAs. The results imply that the government should continue to increase investment in education in CCPAs and NNPAs, and connect green poverty alleviation with the strategy of rural vitalization efficiently in the post-poverty alleviation period, leading to the modernization of China. This paper contributes to the literature in the following two ways. First, this paper focuses the research objects of poverty alleviation on CCPAs, highlighting the uniqueness of China’s poverty problem. Second, we take the air ventilation coefficient and the word frequency of green development in government working report as instrumental variables of green development to further control for the endogeneity problem and obtain robust results．

Protected areas for conservation and poverty alleviation: experiences from Madagascar Charlie J. Gardner*, Martin E. Nicoll, Tsibara Mbohoahy, Kirsten L. L. Oleson, Anitry N. Ratsifandrihamanana, Joelisoa Ratsirarson, Lily-Arison Ren e de Roland, Malika Virah-Sawmy, Bienvenue Zafindrasilivonona and Zoe G. Davies WWF Madagascar and Western Indian Ocean Programme Office, BP738, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK; D epartement de Biologie, Facult e des Sciences, Universit e de Toliara, Toliara 601, BP 185, Toliara, Madagascar; Blue Ventures Conservation, Level 2 Annex, Omnibus Business Centre, 39-41 North Road, N7 9DP London, UK; ESSA-D epartement Eaux et Forets, Universit e d’Antananarivo, BP 175 Antananarivo, Madagascar; and The Peregrine Fund, BP 4113 Antananarivo, Madagascar

E-commerce agriculture has gradually become an important force in poverty alleviation. Some large e-commerce enterprises in China, such as Alibaba and JD, have carried out poverty alleviation activities with the support of the government. With the enthusiasm of consumers towards the goal of helping farmers, they can continue to develop e-commerce agriculture and efficiently achieve this goal. However, the unstable relationship among e-commerce enterprises, the government, and consumers with regard to poverty alleviation hinders the realization of poverty reduction goals. To promote the cooperation among the three parties under e-commerce poverty alleviation, this study uses the evolutionary game method. First, this study analyzes the collaborative mechanism of the government, e-commerce enterprises, and consumers participating in poverty alleviation. Second, based on the above analysis, a tripartite evolutionary game model is constructed. A payment matrix is established to analyze the factors that affect the strategic choices of participants, and the conditions for promoting the tripartite collaborative mechanism of poverty alleviation are discussed using numerical simulation. The results show the following: (1) The reduction in poverty alleviation costs and the increase in cooperation benefits are important factors in promoting the choice of poverty alleviation strategies. (2) E-commerce enterprises are more sensitive to consumer preferences for helping farmers. When consumer preferences for helping farmers are low, the government’s early efforts to participate in poverty alleviation can guide e-commerce enterprises and consumers to participate in cooperative poverty alleviation. (3) The government and e-commerce enterprises can reduce poverty alleviation incentives and agricultural product premiums by increasing the willingness of e-commerce enterprises and consumers to support farmers in the initial stage to promote the participation of all parties in poverty alleviation at a relatively low cost.

Over the past 40 years, China has made significant progress towards its poverty alleviation goals. The rural population under the current poverty line has decreased by 739.9 million. China has contributed to more than 70 per cent of world poverty reduction. To better promote the new anti‐poverty strategy and to serve as a reference for poverty alleviation in other developing countries, this paper summarises the main experiences of China’s poverty alleviation over the past 40 years and then discusses the challenges associated with implementing the targeted poverty alleviation policy in the new era. China’s experience with poverty alleviation includes development‐oriented poverty alleviation, improving self‐development capabilities of the poor population, encouraging multiple subjects to participate in poverty alleviation and focusing on innovation and ways to improve poverty alleviation. Although China’s poverty alleviation initiatives have achieved significant successes, there are still several challenges that should be of concern in the coming years, such as the diminishing marginal effect of financial inputs on poverty alleviation, the resulting negative incentives for the poor to improve their internal motivations and the insufficient participation of markets and social forces in poverty alleviation. Given these challenges, this paper provides suggestions for anti‐poverty policies beyond 2020.

Government-led poverty alleviation faces multiple constraints and limitations fighting poverty, and it is urgent to mobilize social forces as many as possible, especially the involvement of corporate forces. To figure out whether corporate participation is effective to poverty alleviation and whether regional differences have an impact on it, this paper probes into results of corporate involvement in poverty alleviation, based on corporate social responsibility report information released by A-share listed companies in 2010–2017. The findings are as follows. (1) Companies in the western region, companies directly contacting consumers and large companies with good business performance are more willing to involve in poverty alleviation. (2) The participation of enterprises in poverty alleviation can increase the per capita income of rural residents, which is even better in underdeveloped areas. This revealed that social forces represented by companies have responded to China’s call of targeted poverty alleviation and fulfilled corporate social responsibilities, which will indeed help consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation and lift underdeveloped areas out of poverty. From the perspective of corporate involvement in poverty alleviation, this paper extends related research on social forces and another participant in poverty alleviation, and enrich the literature on social benefits brought by companies performing social responsibilities.