Abstract
AbstractIn the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries in England, discourse emerged to challenge the traditional understanding of animals as unthinking brutes – that is, as unable to speak and therefore far removed from humans in the Divine Order, or Great Chain of Being. In that context the two conversations between humans and animals in Bible – Eve with the Serpent and Balaam with his ass – attracted attention. The ideological concerns generated by the Eve–Serpent and Balaam–ass conversations are reflected in the number and nature of the paratexts (a term coined by Gérard Genette) produced by Biblical exegetes during this period.
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