Taking up the role: Building a two-way bridge between research and practice

Trail-laying and recruitment to sugary foods by foraging red wood-ants Formica aquilonia Yarrow (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Braess paradox: Maximum penalty in a minimal critical network

Neutrophil Fc-gamma receptors: a two-way bridge in the immune system

Combining process planning and concurrent engineering to support printed circuit board assembly

Fax + 41 61 306 12 34 E-Mail karger@karger.ch www.karger.com © 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel Correspondence housed in the current archives of the International Society of Nephrology reveal that the first stirrings of an idea to create a medical journal dedicated to the kidney and its diseases occurred in November 1961 when the Executive Committee of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) approved the idea of creating an international journal of nephrology, which was to be called ‘Nephrologia’. Prof Gabriel Richet, the Secretary General of the First International Congress of Nephrology in Geneva and Evian was to be its Editor-in-Chief and Karger Editors, of Basel and New York, in conjunction with Editions Masson et Cie of Paris, were to be the publishers. The plan was for twelve monthly issues which were to constitute two volumes per year and were to contain original articles in English with summaries in English, French, Spanish and German. No one could accuse the founders of being partisan! Despite the ambitious plan, little seems to have materialised until 1963, when it was decided to limit the number of issues to 6 per year and alternative names for the journal were considered, including ‘Kidney’ and ‘Le Rein’ since the original title was deemed to be ‘too complicated’. Four types of contributions were contemplated (i) original papers, notes and brief communications, (ii) technical descriptions of medical devices, (iii) summaries of the work of the national societies affiliated to the International Society of Nephrology and (iv) analyses of original articles relevant to the kidney, to be written by the original authors themselves. There would be, in addition, occasional editorials or review articles. The President of the ISN, Prof Jean Hamburger indicated that the journal would now be entitled ‘Kidney’ but would be published in English and French. By 1964, another (and final) name change was decided upon. ‘Nephron’ it was to be, and the journal was to be under the ownership of the ISN and the publishing house, Karger. As the General Secretary of the ISN pointed out in a letter to Prof Claus Brun in Copenhagen in January 1964, ‘it is difficult to be the owner of something without a penny’ which was why shared ownership was necessary but the first intimations of strong scientific independence of the nascent journal were raised by his statement that ‘to share ownership of the name does not mean that we do not control the scientific management of the journal’. In 1964 the first volume of ‘Nephron: Journal of the International Society of Nephrology’ appeared (fig. 1) with Gabriel Richet in Paris and George Schreiner in Washington, D.C. acting as Editors-in-Chief. The Editorial Committee was constituted by S.E. Bradley, J. Brod, J. Hamburger, B. Josephson, J.P. Merrill and H.E. de Wardener. The goals and aspirations of the journal were the same as those articulated in 1963. Claus Brun, the President of the ISN expressed the hope that the new journal would grow ‘to be a two-way bridge between the basic sciences and medicine on which a steady stream of information can travel’. The venture was a success and by mid1969 the circulation had increased from 716 (vol. 1) to 1843 (vol. 5) with two special issues appearing, one being ‘On the control of urine formation’ guest-edited by J.C. De Haven and N.Z. Schapiro and the second being an issue in honour of Robert F. Pitts, guest-edited by Donald W. Seldin. Much water has flowed under the bridge since those heady days. In 1971 the ISN decided to create a new journal, with a new name, under its sole ownership, but Nephron continued to thrive in an independent spirit

Recent years have witnessed greater attention to the ‘national’ dimension in international law and, in its wake, a move towards comparison. The first section of this article examines the early rise of ‘comparative’ approaches to international law with reference to the pioneering work of William E. Butler during the Cold War and contextualizes the coinage of the term ‘invisible college of international law’ at a time of relative ‘détente’ in the 1970s, suggesting, furthermore, that a pattern of repetition and renewal in engagement with constructions and international legal thought in the Cold War period is currently taking place. The second section examines a move to the national in international law and both the promises and perils of comparative international law, including because of the parallel introduction of the new divisive-prone descriptors of ‘authoritarian international law’ and ‘rules-based international system’. It also highlights the cyclical nature of the ‘comparative’ turn to the national in international law now that the war in Ukraine and the strongly divided reactions to Israel’s protracted military campaign in the Gaza Strip are crystallizing a new Cold War-like scenario in an emerging post-Western-centric and multi-polar order. The conclusion recaps the main findings of the article and suggests that comparative international law should be used to enhance, not to undermine, the language of international law as a two-way bridge between peoples and nations in times of turmoil.

Ginga-NCL is the declarative environment of the Ginga middleware, an ITU-T Recommendation for IPTV services and ITU-R Recommendation for terrestrial digital TV. This paper discusses the two-way solution Ginga proposes for its plug-ins. Ginga defines an API that allows third party tools as NCL (the declarative language of Ginga) player's plug-ins for specific media-object type exhibition that composes a DTV application presentation in its whole. As NCL allows nested NCL applications, an NCL application itself acts as a plug-in of another parent NCL application, therefore obeying the same plug-in API previously mentioned. In general, the same NCL plug-in API can be used to allow applications specified in other languages to be embedded in NCL applications, as well as to allow NCL applications to be embedded in other presentation environments, in particular the Ginga-NCL environment. This two-way bridge is exemplified in this paper between NCL and HTML applications.

On the Dissemination of Clinical Experiences in Using Empirically Supported Treatments

'Computational neuroscience' means different things to different people, but to me, a defining feature of the computational approach is that the two-way bridge between data and theory is emphasized from the beginning. All science, of course, depends on a symbiosis between observation and interpretation, but achieving the right balance has been particularly challenging for neuroscience. Here I discuss some of the difficulties facing the field, and suggest how they might be overcome.

This chapter applauds the growing move toward social science collaboration with colleagues in other fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Drawing on several decades of experience in working with biophysical scientists and engineers, as well as on prior literature, I offer three main observations. First, STEM colleagues will often expect social scientists to play the role of public relations specialists, helping to “educate” the public, or to convince people that our STEM colleagues already have the right answers. Second, part of our job is a different kind of “science education” – educating STEM colleagues about basic principles of democratic governance. Third, we have an opportunity and an obligation to ask not just what social science can contribute to STEM, but also, what working with STEM colleagues can contribute to the social sciences. There appear to be particularly important opportunities for gaining insights into some of the less visible or obvious dynamics of power and privilege.

This chapter discusses examples of clinical disorders (Sections 13.1 and 13.2) and of the mental activity during REM sleep (dreaming, Section 13.3) that are directly related to brainstem control of behavioral state. The intent is to provide a two-way bridge between basic neuroscience investigations of brainstem function and knowledge of characteristics of human pathology and mental activity in REM sleep. We have accordingly attempted to phrase the discussion so as to be accessible to both the neuroscientist and the clinician. The cognitive phenomenology and the clinical disorders surveyed have been selected because they form excellent “case examples” of the interplay of clinical and research domains. We have further chosen the clinical pathological examples because they represent examples of the diverse roles of cholinergic and monoaminergic modulatory systems. The chapter follows the paradigm of having an “explanation” of the clinical data by models and data derived from more basic neuroscience research, and the clinical data serve as a benchmark for measuring adequacy and accuracy of the basic science explanations.

The Two-Way Bridge

We aim to help bridge the research fields of generative deep learning and computational creativity by way of the creative AI community, and to advocate the common objective of more creatively autonomous generative learning systems. We argue here that generative deep learning models are inherently limited in their creative abilities because of a focus on learning for perfection. To highlight this, we present a series of techniques which actively diverge from standard usage of deep learning, with the specific intention of producing novel and interesting artefacts. We end by describing how a two-way bridge between the research fields could be built.

Development through educational collaboration: facilitating social equity

The rscala software is a simple, two-way bridge between R and Scala that allows users to leverage the unique strengths of both languages in a single project. Scala classes can be instantiated from R and Scala methods can be called. Arbitrary Scala code can be executed on-the-fly from within R and callbacks to R are supported. R packages can be developed based on Scala. Conversely, rscala also enables R code to be embedded within a Scala application. The rscala package is available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) and has no dependencies beyond base R and the Scala standard library.