Abstract
Taiwanese green propolis ethanol extract (TGPE) is produced only in Taiwan and has a different composition from other types of propolis. TGPE is known for its anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-microbial properties, but the effects and mechanisms of TGPE in the modulation of diabetes are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of TGPE on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a streptozotocin/high-fat-diet (STZ/HFD)-induced T2DM rat model. The results revealed that TGPE delayed the development and progression of T2DM and reduced the severity of β-cell failure. TGPE also attenuated inflammation and reactive oxygen species ROS in the rats. Moreover, there were higher levels of oxidant cytokines, leptin, and adiponectin in the serum of the TGPE-treated group. Unlike Brazilian propolis, TGPE promoted hepatic genes PPAR-α and CYP7A1, which were related to lipid catabolism and removal. TGPE may thus delay the progression of T2DM through anti-inflammation effects, anti-oxidation effects, and balancing lipid metabolism. It is suggested that TGPE can be a potential alternative medicine for T2DM.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disease that leads to many dangerous complications.In 2015, there were 415 million people who suffered from diabetes worldwide, and this number is estimated to rise to 642 million by 2040 [1]
Since Taiwanese green propolis ethanol extract (TGPE) demonstrated a significant impact on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and Fasting blood insulin (FBI), we further investigated the condition of insulin secreting β-cells
We demonstrated TGPE’s effect of delaying type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and highlight a potential underlying mechanism involving the attenuation of insulin resistance, protecting β cells, reducing oxidant and inflammatory factors, and inducing hepatic lipid catabolism and removal
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disease that leads to many dangerous complications. In 2015, there were 415 million people who suffered from diabetes worldwide, and this number is estimated to rise to 642 million by 2040 [1]. The direct annual cost of treating diabetes has reached. $825 billion since 2014 [2]. Many researchers are seeking to develop alternative medicinal foods to improve diabetes [3]. Natural product that contains bee secretions derived from various plant sources. Propolis has been used as a folk medicine in many Eastern and Western countries because of its Nutrients 2018, 10, 503; doi:10.3390/nu10040503 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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