Taboos

Integrating the Javanese Local Tradition of Selametan into History Learning Projects to Strengthen the Profile of Pancasila-Based Student Character . Objectives: This study aims to explore the history and perspectives of the Javanese community in viewing local selametan traditions and character values relevant to the Profile of Pancasila-Based Student Character. This research also analyses how history teachers can internalise these character values in learning that is integrated with the local selametan tradition. Methods: This research uses a qualitative case study design with data collection techniques through non-participatory observation, in-depth interviews, document analysis, and literature review. The consideration for selecting a single case study design focused on SMA Negeri 9 Yogyakarta was not only based on the implementation of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in history integrated with the local Javanese tradition of selametan, but also on the uniqueness of the school, which claims to be The Art and Cultural School. Content analysis was used to interpret secondary data related to history and the meaning of the local selametan tradition. Additionally, the single case study design was employed to explore how the internalisation of character values occurs in history learning practices. Sampling techniques were conducted using purposive sampling, considering exclusion and inclusion criteria, involving several subjects such as the Vice Principal for Curriculum, history teachers, and student representatives from grade X at State Senior High School 9, Yogyakarta. Data validity and reliability were obtained through source triangulation techniques and analysed using an interactive model. Findings: The findings indicate that the local tradition of selametan has an important position in the perspective of the Javanese community, is relevant to the history material on Community Life in the Indonesian Archipelago during the Islamic Period, and contains character values that are in line with the Profile of Pancasila-Based Student Character (P5), namely religious, critical thinking, global diversity, independence, creativity, and cooperation. To internalise these character values, the researcher utilised three stages of development proposed by Thomas Lickona, encompassing moral knowledge, moral feelings, and moral actions. Conclusion: The Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model integrated with the local Javanese tradition of selametan serves as a historical learning design that not only enhances students' cognitive understanding but also has the potential to positively impact the development of character traits aligned with the Profile of Pancasila-Based Student Character (P5). Keywords: contextual, local java tradition, selametan, project-based learning, history learning.

Purpose - Coastal tourism has rapidly expanded in Indonesia, yet its impact on local community structures and cultural values remains underexplored. This study aims to understand how tourism at BTN Lungkak Beach has triggered socio-cultural transformation in Ketapang Raya Village. The study is significant due to the lack of context-specific research focusing on social change from the perspective of coastal communities. Design/Methods/Approach - A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation involving community leaders, tourism stakeholders, and local residents. Thematic analysis was used to identify emerging patterns of social and cultural change associated with tourism activities. Findings - The study found significant shifts in social structure, gender roles, communication patterns, and local value systems. The community showed ambivalence between adapting to modernity and preserving traditions. Furthermore, tourism created unequal economic participation across social groups. Research Implications/Limitations - The findings highlight the necessity of community-based tourism management that balances economic benefits with the preservation of local socio-cultural values. The study’s limitations include its geographically narrow scope and context-specific qualitative data, which may limit generalizability of the results.

<p><em>This research aims to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social change among coastal communities in Celawan Village, Dusun X, Pantai Cermin District, Serdang Berdagai Regency, North Sumatra Province. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods to explore social changes, including people's values, attitudes and behavior patterns after the pandemic. The research was conducted in the period November 2020 to January 2021. The total sample in this study was 30 respondents who were selected purposively. The sampling technique was carried out by considering variations in age, gender and educational background. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with selected sources. Data analysis was carried out through a process of interview transcription, thematic coding, and identification of emerging patterns of social change. Using this method allows researchers to understand in depth how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the social dynamics of coastal communities. The research results show that the pandemic has induced significant social changes in coastal communities, including adaptation to new conditions, adjustments to economic needs, and adoption of new habits to maintain health and safety. These changes are influenced by various internal and external factors. This research provides valuable insight into how the COVID-19 pandemic has shaped social dynamics in coastal communities, as well as providing a basis for further understanding of future adaptation and mitigation strategies in the face of similar challenges. Keywords for this research include social adaptation, COVID-19, coastal communities, behavior change, and North Sumatra</em>.</p>

The Sawangan community is one of the references in building harmony between religious people. Local Traditions have made it a symbol of community identity as well as a unifying relationship between religions. This article will explain the local traditional values ​​of the Sawangan community. The research method was carried out by in-depth interviews. Peter L. Berger's theory becomes an analytical tool in finding the process of internalizing local traditions in a plural society. The object of the research was carried out at the Sawangan Magelang location. The research finding is that the diversity of the community can inspire because, from upstream to downstream, there are synergies in building communities through local traditions. Friction between communities can be addressed quickly and responsively. People get comfort in carrying out activities through various cultural arts activities. Various religious backgrounds are united in the frame of local traditions as well as become the glue between the people. Local traditions internalize in society to create a peaceful society that is tolerant of all religions and beliefs. The spirit of togetherness fosters empathy and sympathy to complement each other in their work so that local traditional values ​​have internalized the Sawangan community.
 


 
 
 
 Era of globalization. The cultural and religious values ​​contained in this tradition make it an integral part of local community life. Despite living in modern times with the significant influence of globalization, the Tedhak Siten In the current era of globalization, local traditions often face various challenges. Globalization brings foreign cultural influences that can change the way of life and values ​​of local communities. The influence of technology, social media, influences the way local people view and practice their traditions. This research aims to analyze the role of the Gununggeni village community regarding the Tedhak Siten tradition as local wisdom in the era of globalization. This research uses qualitative methods, with a case study type of research. Data collection techniques were carried out through in-depth interviews, observation and documentation. The validity of the data uses source triangulation and theory triangulation. Data analysis techniques use data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data verification or conclusions. The research informants consisted of several people from Gununggeni village and several young people from Gununggeni village. The results of this research are that the Tedhak Siten tradition in Gununggeni Village has a strong existence even though it is in the tradition is still preserved and considered an obligation by the village community.
 
 
 

The tradition of Sedekah Laut in Muarareja, Tegal City, is a crucial aspect of the social and cultural life of urban fishing communities. This tradition not only holds religious significance but also plays a vital role in maintaining collective identity and social cohesion amidst rapid social and economic changes. This study aims to elucidate how the ritual of Sedekah Laut in Muarareja functions as a social mechanism among urban fishing communities. Employing a qualitative approach, the research utilized semi-structured interviews with 7 urban fishermen and 3 community members from Muarareja, direct observations, and documentary analysis for data collection. Findings indicate that Sedekah Laut serves not only as a religious ceremony but also as a manifestation of strong social solidarity and sustainable social networks within the fishing community. The study concludes that firstly, Sedekah Laut plays a crucial role in preserving the cultural continuity and community identity of fishermen in Muarareja; secondly, it strengthens social relations among individuals and groups within the community; thirdly, the ritual demonstrates its adaptability and relevance amidst the dynamic social and economic changes along the coastal region. This research provides a foundation for understanding how local traditions can support social and cultural sustainability in continuously transforming coastal communities. The study recommends further interdisciplinary research to deepen understanding of the impacts and significance of this tradition in an evolving global context.

This study aims to describe the moral repressive actions occurring through the implementation of Local Customary Norms and Traditions, particularly in the practice of 'Cuci Kampung' in Bengkulu City. The research seeks to comprehend how customary norms and local traditions lead to moral repressive actions within the local community. Employing a qualitative descriptive research method involving data collection through in-depth interviews with relevant parties, participatory observations, and documentation analysis of narratives depicting the execution of 'Cuci Kampung' and its impact on individuals and communities. Subsequently, the data was cross-checked to ensure accuracy. Data sources included local customary leaders and religious figures in the Pondok Besi neighborhood. Analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman approach, involving data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research findings highlight the complexity of the relationship between local traditions, the customary norms of 'cuci kampung,' and moral repressive actions. The study discovered that the implementation of Local Customary Norms and Traditions, such as in the practice of 'Cuci Kampung,' could become a powerful mechanism for social control. However, it often imposes moral pressure on individuals not entirely in line with the existing norms, resulting in internal and external conflicts. This study provides deep insights into how customary norms and local traditions can influence moral repressive actions within a community. The implications of these findings underline the necessity for a balance between preserving local traditions, individual rights, and safeguarding the plurality of moral values within a society.

Character building is one of the main goals of education in the contemporary era full of global challenges. This article discusses the importance of integrating local and international values in building the character of the younger generation. Local values rooted in the nation's culture and traditions are important in shaping individual identity and morality. In contrast, global values such as tolerance, openness, and technological progress are important foundations in facing an increasingly connected world. Contemporary issues such as social change, technological disruption, and globalization require education to adapt to a more inclusive and dynamic approach. This study employs a qualitative methodology, utilizing a descriptive approach. Through a balanced integration of local and global values, education can build the character of Sith who have a moderate attitude, and broad insight, and can contribute positively to the life of the worldwide community without leaving the nation's identity. This study highlights educational strategies in dealing with contemporary issues and the important role of teachers and academic institutions in forming strong and adaptive characters. The integration of local and global values in education is key to building a strong and relevant character amidst the challenges of the times. With a balanced and flexible approach, students can grow into individuals who are firmly rooted in their local values, while being able to face and contribute to an ever-changing global world.

Introduction Peter Piot (Executive Director of UNAIDS) challenged Bangkok International AIDS Conference attendees to think ahead 10 years or more so we will be prepared to meet the challenges that will face us [1]. Over this next decade, many formidable challenges are likely to stem from the interactions of social, ecological, political, and economic change; existing social structures; the changing HIV epidemic, and changes produced by emerging biomedicine and viral evolution. Although some challenges will be unpredictable, we should plan ahead for those we are able to anticipate. This paper identifies important social research issues regarding the changing global epidemic so funding agencies, journal editors, social science communities, individual researchers and students, non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations, and the general public can debate them and, hopefully, act on them. Social change is likely to create complex problems for our response to HIV. Weiss and McMichael [2] demonstrate the acceleration of socially-driven epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases in recent years. As Rischard has argued [3,4], there is a high probability of massive political, ecological and social changes over the next few years. These threaten large-scale disruption of existing social and risk networks, sexual (and injection) mixing patterns, and sexual and injection behaviors that can impede or facilitate HIV transmission – and thus might generate HIV outbreaks parallel to those that followed the disruption of the USSR or that seem to be resulting from the increasing 'globalization' of India and China [5]. Global warming could produce large-scale population movements with similar results. Our reflections here on social change and other possible transformations have not produced a comprehensive or complete list of social research priorities. We have emphasized 'macro' and middle-level processes focusing on social, economic, political and cultural factors that affect HIV spread and/or that influence responses to the threat of HIV (rather than on small group or individual level processes that focus on the psychological and interpersonal) because we think these have received relatively less attention than is needed. We recognize that other researchers might produce different lists. We also recognize that it is important to foreground the probability that socio-epidemiologic contexts are likely to continue to have great cross-national variation and that 'big events' such as wars and transitions, perhaps in interaction with religious revival movements, can rapidly move countries into crisis conditions that pose the threat of explosive HIV outbreaks. Such changes can occur in countries that currently appear politically and economically stable. (It is useful to remember that few analysts in the early 1980s foresaw either the fall of the USSR or the collapse of apartheid in South Africa). The HIV/AIDS epidemic is itself a 'big event' in localities with high prevalence. While acknowledging the above, we propose six major emerging social research issues or themes. These themes, organized in terms of selected social and epidemiologic processes and situations (although noting that research on each of these topics will have at least some relevance everywhere), concern the following items. Wars, transitions, ecological or economic disruptions. Large-scale HIV epidemics, their related illness and death, and their attendant social instability and social disruption. Government policies that ignore or defy available evidence. Stable societies without generalized epidemics, which face distinctive challenges. Emerging biomedicine and its attendant opportunities and (perhaps unintended) social consequences. Possible failure of previously effective therapies due to viral evolution or disruptions in patterns of social organization. Each of these six themes provokes a number of research questions. To answer these questions, the full armamentarium of social science and social epidemiologic research methods will be needed, including theory development; hypothesis-testing and exploratory studies; ethnographic, quantitative, historical, and comparative designs; and intervention trials. In all of these approaches, involving relevant community members, decision-makers, and other actors as full collaborators or as sources of guidance, inspiration or critique, can be invaluable, including those based on participatory action research and on collaborative systematization of experiences [6–8]. Research has documented the effectiveness of community responses to HIV – often in advance of public health interventions [9]. Working with communities means that interventions are informed by community members and are thus more likely to be perceived as appropriate and taken up. However, throughout the epidemic, there has been a relative lack both of researchers interested in topics like those in these six themes and of funding to conduct such research. We close with thoughts about how to address these problems. Social processes and HIV/AIDS Why should social factors affect HIV/AIDS epidemics? The first reason is that HIV is transmitted through sexual and drug-injection networks, which are fundamentally social phenomena. Social norms about appropriate choice, numbers and timing of partners, and about behaviors with those partners, shape crucial network variables such as concurrent sexual and injection partnerships; partner turnover rates; mixing patterns; the size, centrality and microstructures of community network components; and the extent of quasi-anonymous risk nodes such as group sex parties, bath-houses, and shooting galleries [5,10–16]. Social norms, regulations, educational systems and law enforcement processes affect sexual and drug-taking behaviors [17,18]. Social networks, norms and social support shape how people access, interpret and use HIV-prevention information and education, the extent to which people make use of sexually transmitted disease treatments and HIV therapies, HIV counseling and testing, and affect adherence to therapies [19–21]. Economic and political conditions and dynamics affect what services are available and how inconvenient, costly, or stigmatizing it is to use them [22–31]. Finally, events, including large-scale epidemics themselves, that disrupt local or national social networks, communities, services, or social norms, lead to large-scale migration, or initiate large-scale mixing across new sexual or injecting networks, create the potential for risk behaviors or adherence failures that would have previously been prevented – and these, in turn, might lead to epidemic outbreaks [e.g., 32]. Emerging research issues for different processes and situations (A) Wars, transitions, ecological or economic disruptions Aral [5], Hankins et al. [33], and Friedman and Reid [34] have argued that transitions – like those in the former Soviet Union circa 1990, South Africa in the early 1990s, and Indonesia in the late 1990s – and wars can disrupt risk networks and protective social norms and thus lead to HIV outbreaks. However, such outbreaks are not inevitable. Gisselquist [35] and Spiegel [36] show that many African wars have not increased HIV transmission, and the case of the Philippines shows that transitions need not lead to outbreaks either. Furthermore, United States involvement in wars since the early 1990s seems not yet to have accelerated HIV transmission there. Although further research on whether wars or transitions are statistical risk factors for increases may be useful, we suggest that the historical record is strong enough to conclude that both wars and transitions can, on occasion, lead to epidemic outbreaks of HIV – that is, under some conditions, they increase social vulnerability to HIV [37–39]. On the other hand, under other conditions, outbreaks do not occur. This suggests that the following research questions should receive high priority. To identify which pre-existing conditions (including but not limited to gender relationships, sexual culture, and patterns of psychoactive drug use) and social processes can lead to increased HIV vulnerability as a consequence of war, transitions, or, perhaps, of economic breakdown or of ecological change such as global warming [40]. Such research should study how these events: (a) shape norms, behaviors, practices, and sexual, injection and care networks; and (b) affect gender and racial/ethnic power relationships, religious belief systems, poverty, and other middle-level socio-cultural and political economic relationships that influence HIV transmission and the capacity for prevention and care. To consider how affected populations or outsiders might intervene to avert or reduce epidemic outbreaks due to wars, transitions, or other events; and how such responses are shaped by pre-existing social identities, community resilience, patterns of social and political co-operation, and indigenous leadership [41–43]. In terms of research designs, much might be learned from qualitative and quantitative studies that compare countries that did and did not have outbreaks subsequent to such events; that study localities that did not have outbreaks within countries that did; and perhaps by rapid-response research teams that work with local participants and researchers to study emerging prevention efforts, network patterns, behaviors, pockets of emerging high-risk practices, and medical services, together with HIV and sexually transmitted infection rates, during and after wars and transitions. (B) Large-scale HIV epidemics, their related illness and death, and their attendant social instability and social disruption Just as wars, transitions and other processes can disrupt social norms and social, sexual and drug-use networks and communities, HIV/AIDS epidemics large enough to constitute socially-disruptive 'big events' can have similar effects. The research questions that are raised under (A) are also important in these circumstances. The exact definition of 'large enough' probably depends on the rate of spread of HIV over time and also on its socio-economic distribution – and research on how much disruption results from different prevalences and distributions of the virus might be useful. Research is also needed on how to minimize the destruction and maximize the constructive outcomes of social crises that the epidemic produces. Given the extent of HIV in many African countries, and its potential spread in Asia, the emerging social research issues for this context are clearly important [see, for example, 44–51]. These may include the following items. To identify and describe mid-level social forces (such as gender or racial/ethnic power relationships, religious conditions and beliefs, community resilience, and poverty) that create, sustain or reduce high-risk sexual or injection network patterns or behaviors that contribute to high HIV transmission rates – and, most important, to determine how to intervene in these. To describe possible impacts of the epidemic in terms of changes in social, sexual and drug-use networks, norms, culture, gender relationships, community resilience, etc. – and to determine what actions by local and outside agencies and by affected populations can mitigate further infections and social distress. To consider how affected populations and agencies might intervene or organize against individual, community and institutional stigma [52,53]. To determine how populations can be mobilized for risk reduction before mass illness or dying begin. To establish how health systems can be organized for disease control and care in poor countries or under conditions of disruptively high mortality. How can affected and unaffected populations assist in this? How can these efforts be sustained in contexts of socially-disruptive high morbidity and mortality? To determine how to navigate the AIDS crisis so that negative social consequences are minimized and positive social gains initiated or maintained. This question – monumental in scope – has been raised by Mary Crewe and her colleagues [54], and requires both scholarly input and popular action to resolve. (C) Government policies that ignore or defy available evidence Governments' responses to HIV and other health-related issues, and how they are shaped by social structures, competing priorities, and resource availability, are important to study. We emphasize here one aspect of this issue that has been important in the HIV/AIDS epidemic – government policies that ignore or defy available evidence. Since HIV is transmitted by culturally and religiously-sensitive and often, legally prohibited, behaviors, and since government health and policing policies on sex, reproduction, and illicit drug use may themselves contribute to HIV spread and/or to the failure to treat HIV, it is unsurprising that governments sometimes do not implement programs that research has determined to be effective. United States policies on syringe exchange, sex education in schools, programs for sex workers, and intellectual property rights are examples of this [18,55–57], as are the failure of many governments to introduce large-scale methadone programs for opiate users [27] and South Africa's failure for many years to accept that HIV was the proximate cause of the epidemic [58]. Despite this widespread pattern, there has been too little research on the following issues. Why governments ignore and/or flout scientific findings. Effective ways in which internal and external forces can act to change these policies. These are likely to vary depending on the reasons why each government acts this way and on economic, political and other contexts that affect governmental decision-making, including how mass media shape public agendas around HIV/AIDS [59]. (D) Stable societies without generalized epidemics A number of research issues exist for these societies [60,61]. Importantly, although countries such as the Netherlands, Brazil or Saudi Arabia can currently be classified as stable and without generalized HIV epidemics, HIV could spread rapidly under social crises such as those Rischard [3,4] identified, or, indeed, under conditions such as those discussed in the previous section. Furthermore, countries with a stable and comparatively small HIV prevalence may believe that the HIV 'problem' has been solved. Thus, to better manage current issues and to avert possible future disasters, research is needed on the following topics. How to sustain and strengthen cultures that support and care for the sick and that reduce risk behavior and stigmatization over long periods of time; and how to maintain socio-behavioral conditions that limit HIV spread and the rate at which viral mutation reduces the therapeutic efficacy of medications [9,62]. How to develop cultures of risk-reduction and care in countries or localities where stigma is widespread against marginalized groups and/or people infected with HIV [63]. How to mobilize at-risk populations that have not yet created effective cultures of risk reduction and caring. Potential sources of local or national HIV epidemic outbreaks. We suggest that the following questions should be prioritized since they have received less attention than increases in risk behavior: what social and economic processes shape sexual and injection networks in a locality? As economic development projects can disperse and diffuse networks and communities with high HIV prevalence into localities with low infection rates, and since the normative impacts of such relocations can lead to high-risk behaviors, practices, and networks [11,14], what prevention approaches can either prevent these dislocations or mitigate their effects? (E) Emerging biomedicine Medical advances can generate urgent needs for social research. Such needs can include finding ways to implement new medical possibilities but also ways to cope with any (often unintended) negative social consequences of new discoveries; for example, the impact of antiretroviral therapy on risk-reduction among gay men in some countries [64]. Although it is impossible to forecast biomedical progress, the following issues should become foci of increased research effort. To investigate impacts of introduction of new treatments and concomitant increases in HIV-testing on stigma and discrimination [65]. To determine how medical technologies such as vaccines, microbicides or pre-exposure prophylaxis affect behavioral prevention measures and political and economic support for prevention programs. This is especially important for middle to low efficacy prevention technologies [66–68]. To consider social and cultural impacts of anti-HIV circumcision programs [69–74]. Although recent findings indicate that circumcision lowers the likelihood of HIV infection [69], there is concern that circumcised men who view themselves as 'protected' might engage in more unsafe sex. Adult circumcision might also carry risks, especially if performed by inadequately trained medical personnel or traditional healers. Furthermore, since circumcision is deeply rooted in religious systems and in some countries, such as India, is a mark of racial/ethnic difference, circumcision programs potentially could discredit or weaken HIV prevention and care efforts. To identify socio-cultural, organizational, and political economic barriers which impede vaccination among 'general' and/or oppressed or marginalized populations [75–77]. (F) Possible future widespread failure of previously-effective therapies due to viral evolution or social disorganization Although none of us like to think about it, the race between our ability to devise new medications and the evolutionary mutability of HIV could quite possibly be lost. This could happen because of possible limits to the menu of therapies, the loss of economic or other capacity to develop new therapies (perhaps due to ecologically-generated socio-economic dislocations or a worldwide depression), or socio-cultural disruption due to wars or widespread assumption of power by religious fundamentalisms [78,79]. These circumstances could result in considerable increases in morbidity and mortality in regions of the world where therapy has been accessible to the infected, and could also arouse blaming and stigmatization of the sick. Social research might find solutions to these potential problems before they arise. We suggest that the following issues should be addressed. How to minimize traumatic despair (under different conditions of community resilience and leadership) if therapeutic failure leads to resumed mass morbidity and mortality among the infected. How to maintain or regenerate risk reduction under these conditions. How to prevent political blaming and restriction of medications under these conditions. Obstacles to conducting such research Throughout the epidemic, research funding has been scarce, as have researchers to conduct such research, and high-status journals willing to publish it. In part, this results from long-standing differences between scientific disciplines [80]. Few laboratory scientists have training in social scientific theory or methodologies or in social or behavioral epidemiology. Epidemiologists are more likely to be familiar with social-psychologically oriented behavioral theories, and to have been trained in epidemiologic approaches that treat the individual as the unit of analysis and theorization. However, such training provides little basis for understanding or evaluating social research at higher levels of analysis or using theoretical frameworks that incorporate central concepts such as history, power, and culture. Furthermore, such research can appear to the untrained to have controversial political implications and thus to be 'unscientific' regardless of whether it is based on scientifically valid methods. Questions of what counts as 'appropriate' methods profoundly shape what we know, which affects what social researchers can do and publish in public health [81]. Sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and economists often lack training in natural sciences. In many countries, these disciplines emphasize research that develops the social sciences in their own terms – and thus social scientists risk rejection (and reduced career opportunities) if they engage in applied research rather than research on higher-status questions [82]. What do these disjunctures of expertise and interest lead to? Biomedical research funding for HIV, whether provided by governments or pharmaceutical companies, has overwhelmingly concentrated on basic science, clinical research, and epidemiology using the individual as the unit of analysis, and prevention research focusing on behaviors of individuals [83]. Review committees for major funding agencies such as the US National Institutes of Health are almost always comprised of researchers in these specialties. The few social scientists on these committees have usually spent their careers conducting research on behavior change or HIV risk factors at the level of the individual, and thus have difficulty judging proposals on the topics discussed in this article. Editors and reviewers for the major journals in the field, including this one, have similar strengths and weaknesses. Social science funding agencies (which typically disburse much less money) tend to fund research on the 'core problems' of their disciplines (such as social stratification, cultural dynamics, family and interpersonal structures and dynamics, social cohesion, or deviance), rather than applied problems which may be of lower status within the discipline and, arguably, more appropriate for funding by (socially-educated) biomedical agencies. Even such sub-fields as medical sociology and medical anthropology focus on topics such as cultural definitions and beliefs about illness and health; differences in morbidity and mortality by stress level, socio-economic status, gender, or race/ethnicity; and the formal organization and financing of medical services – rather than on social epidemiology, urban health, or questions of prevention or care for infectious diseases. Thus, these issues receive little research funding; and social scientists who study them risk both failing to obtain funding and stigmatization within their professions [84,85]. We have no magic solution. What we do suggest is that the institutions of HIV research, including funders, journals, and academic institutions, acknowledge the seriousness of the problem. The mutual causal interactions between social, political and economic processes and the ever-changing HIV/AIDS epidemic that are discussed in this review are extremely important. They could determine the fates of millions of people and perhaps even the socio-cultural survival of some nations or ethnic groups. We propose that serious discussions be initiated among those funders, journal editors, and social researchers who have engaged with these issues to establish strategies for incorporating social researchers within the structures of the field, and to identify ways that relevant research results can influence by and community-based organizations, and affected A number of and mid-level social factors shape HIV transmission and care by risk networks, behaviors, and the and of sexually transmitted infections and HIV and care. Social processes such as wars and transitions, as as the interactions among emerging rates of disease viral and the social to these, need to be so we can and reduce the that AIDS The relative lack of this of research has the response – both individual and – to the the issues discussed in this paper do not include all of the important social research issues that need to be addressed. important research is at the and individual levels of important social research issues will that as yet be To the extent that and social research, and so social researchers to the field, we will be more likely to identify these issues and conduct the research in time to maximize and minimize The to acknowledge from and The would like to acknowledge support from a number of was by National on projects and to and among and its norms risk in social and for and HIV and by the of Health and was by the Research Social of HIV/AIDS and was by National on norms risk in social support was provided by International and Research HIV

The existence of the Bah Bolon River is related to the surrounding community. This study was diachronic research on the history and dynamics of the Bah Bolon River from 1980-2023. Bah Bolon River is related to environmental, social and economic changes in terms of river pollution. This study aimed to invent information on the condition of the Bah Bolon River in Pematang Siantar City, North Sumatra in 1980-2023 with a focus on pollution of the Bah Bolon River and its use for the surrounding community. The method used was a historical method which consists of four stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Data collection was carried out through a literature review and in-depth interviews. Literature data was taken from official documents and articles regarding the Bah Bolon River from 1980-2023. In-depth interviews were conducted with informants who met the criteria of (1) full enculturation; (2) direct involvement; (3) unfamiliar cultural atmosphere; (4) sufficient time; and (5) non-analytic. The chronological analysis carried out includes the transformation of river flows, the use of water resources, and their impact on the lives of local communities. The results showed that there were changes in land use, social structure, and community economy over time. These findings contribute to a deep understanding of the dynamics of the Bah Bolon River in the 1980s, creating a foundation for evaluating the impact of environmental change on human life. The results of this research contribute to the understanding of environmental history, social change, and community adaptation to ecological change. The implications of this research can be used as a basis for future environmental conservation and water resource management policies while exploring the historical and heritage value of the Bah Bolon River.

The diversity of ethnic groups in Indonesia gives rise to many cultures, traditions and local wisdom that live and develop in society. Culture itself is divided into several sectors that support various kinds of community life. Local wisdom in North Sumatra has many types and also diversity. And this research was conducted to see the shift in cultural values and local traditions in the lives of people in North Sumatra. This study uses data analysis with a qualitative descriptive method. This method is an analysis that tries to provide a picture based on the facts obtained in the field. These data are of course supported by primary and secondary data to support this research process. This qualitative research is presented with a description and also assisted with the calculation of numbers, percentages obtained in the process of collecting and analyzing data. These data were analyzed by means of descriptive. Concept development, data collection and facts regarding shifts in cultural values and local traditions in the lives of the people of North Sumatra, underwent a process in this globalization era. And this research shows that there is a shift in values in culture and traditions as well as local wisdom in North Sumatra which certainly has an impact on shifts in the community environment.

<p>This study aims to analyze how value-based marketing management rooted in local and religious values can strengthen customer loyalty toward Islamic boarding schools, with a focus on Muadalah Ulya Darussalam Blokagung Banyuwangi. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study design to analyze the role of marketing management based on religious and local values at Muadalah Ulya Darussalam Blokagung. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. The data were then analyzed using an interactive model that includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The study reveals that value-based marketing management rooted in religious and local culture at Muadalah Ulya Darussalam Blokagung builds strong trust and loyalty among parents. Aligning institutional and parental values creates emotional bonds and reinforces confidence in the education provided. Integrating local customs and religious traditions strengthens the school’s identity and connection with the community. These findings highlight the effectiveness of value-based strategies in building long-term relationships and competitiveness. Educational institutions can adopt similar approaches by embedding cultural and religious values into programs and activities, thus enhancing trust, loyalty, and institutional relevance in their communities.</p>

Tension exists between technologists and social thinkers because of the impact technology and innovation has on social values and the norms which are often viewed as damaging the cultural fabric of a nation or society. Global business environment being the context in which implementation of technology and innovation takes place is widely accepted as the major reason for such conflicts. The current debate in India for and against the globalised and liberalised economic policies is the best case to cite. Social values and norms are dynamic constructs of economic development and social entrepreneurs are the actors to drive such changes. Though the outlook of economic development must be modern and contemporary, it should address all-round growth and well-being in the society. Growth is expected to be inclusive in nature, without any bias towards particular socio-economic groups. However, data on the development and growth trajectories of many developing countries reveal undue favours to some specific groups, which have resulted into some kind of divide. The divide between rich and poor, rural and urban, educated and uneducated, upper and lower castes, indigenous and modern societies and technologically forward and backward societies are common in these countries. At times, high cost of technological innovation, access and ease of adoption of technologies are considered to be the chief reasons for such non-inclusion. Information technology being the most adopted and accepted technologies is at the core of this debate which on other hand has also affected the major changes in social and political systems in many countries in the recent past. Also many other product and process technologies have affected favourably or otherwise the skill, livelihood and social norms in specific regions. This almost necessitates a fresh discourse, beyond anti-globalisation debates and bottom-of-pyramid market phenomenon. This volume is one such first attempt to identify the relevant areas of new search, and research into them without labelling social entrepreneurs, the social change agents, as heroic figures. In developing countries, social entrepreneurs have already established innovative and inclusive methods and systems such as micro-finance to impact social change. They are trained within the existing institutional set-up to practice social entrepreneurship processes; innovative educational models are developed for such focused training. These social entrepreneurs design systems and processes for high social impact while adapting in countries, societies or communities and adjusting to the specific local cultural norms or traditions or vocations. In this volume, an attempt has been made to compile many independent research cases by the authors from across the globe. India, Mexico, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and other African countries are selected as contexts to report on multiple aspects of social change.

Salafiyah Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) as traditional Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia have a strategic role in preserving and transforming local wisdom values ​​to the younger generation. This study aims to analyze efforts to revitalize local wisdom values ​​in the Salafiyah Islamic boarding school education system in the modern era. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method in three Salafiyah Islamic boarding schools in East Java. Data collection techniques were carried out through participatory observation, in-depth interviews with kiai, ustadz, and students, and analysis of pesantren curriculum documents. The results show that the revitalization of local wisdom values ​​in Salafiyah Islamic boarding schools is implemented through the integration of yellow book learning with the local socio-cultural context, the application of the value system of tawadhu, ta'dzim, and ukhuwah in the daily lives of students, and the preservation of local traditions such as tahlilan, istighosah, and learning the art of hadrah. This revitalization faces challenges in the form of the influence of globalization, shifting values ​​among the younger generation, and limited resources. However, Salafiyah Islamic boarding schools are still able to maintain their identity through critical adaptation strategies that combine tradition with contemporary needs without losing the essence of their local values.

This research focuses on the cultural practice of conservation known as "Sasi Laut" in the Maluku Islands, Indonesia, and how this practice plays a role in overcoming the "Tragedy of the Commons" in natural resource management. "Tragedy of the Commons" refers to a situation where the shared use of natural resources by a number of parties leads to over-exploitation to the detriment of all. This research is based on a qualitative approach with data collection through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies related to local customs and traditions. The results show that Sasi Laut is a practice that emerged from the local wisdom of the Maluku Islands community to maintain the sustainability and abundance of natural resources. Sasi Laut is implemented by setting restrictions or prohibitions on the use of certain natural resources in certain water areas for a certain period of time. Through this system, local communities collaborate in monitoring and enforcing mutually agreed rules. This practice is not only rooted in local tradition and culture, but also forms strong social ties among community members. This research also analyzes the effectiveness of Sasi Laut in preventing natural resource degradation and promoting conservation. The results show that Sasi Laut has been successful in maintaining the sustainability of the marine ecosystem and preventing overexploitation. In addition, this practice also maintains the cultural heritage and traditions of the Maluku people who are attached to nature and their environment. In conclusion, this research provides a deeper understanding of how cultural practices such as Sasi Laut can be a valuable solution in addressing the "Tragedy of the Commons" and opens up opportunities to apply similar approaches in other regions facing similar problems in natural resource management. Collaborative efforts by communities and government to preserve and promote Sasi Laut practices are essential to achieve long-term conservation and sustainable development goals.