Abstract
BackgroundVitamin D levels are low in patients with schizophrenia. This study examined the association between vitamin D and metabolic syndrome in patients with psychotic disorders.MethodsThe study enrolled 302 community-dwelling patients with psychotic disorders. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including blood pressure, physical activity, and dietary habit were gathered. Laboratory examinations included vitamin D, lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, liver function, and renal function. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as < 20 ng/ml. Clinical characteristics associated with vitamin D insufficiency were identified.ResultsAmong the 302 participants, 236 patients (78.1%) had a vitamin D insufficiency and 97 (32.1%) had metabolic syndrome. Vitamin D insufficiency was significantly associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome (p = 0.006) and hypertension (p = 0.017). Significant increases in triglycerides and alanine transaminase were observed in the group with a vitamin D insufficiency (p = 0.002 and 0.011, respectively). After adjusting for physical activity and dietary habit scores, vitamin D insufficiency remained significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and hypertension.DiscussionVitamin D insufficiency was associated with metabolic syndrome and was particularly associated with high blood pressure, although the nature, direction and implications of this association are unclear.
Highlights
The frontostriatal circuits linking different parts of the frontal cortex to subregions of the striatum are proposed to regulate different aspects of cognition, executive function, affect and reward processing
Few studies have examined striatal connectivity in treatmentresistant schizophrenia (TRS), in relation to positive symptomatology and specific cognitive deficits subserved by the striatal circuits
The whole striatum and the left and right dorsal striatum were separately seeded as regions of interest, and Pearson’s correlations between the seeds and all other voxels comprising cortical and subcortical gray matter were investigated
Summary
Recent studies have shown aberrant gyrification, i.e. folding of the cortical surface, as a marker of disturbed neocortical development in schizophrenia. Unlike more commonly used markers like voxel-based morphometry, these parameters might be more sensitive to
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