Abstract
This paper begins with a question about the nature of social responses to economic and political change in Eastern Europe. It examines the nature of citizenship and its associated rights, particularly the debate centered on the model originally suggested by T.H. Marshall, and the factors associated with welfare state development in industrial societies that have been identified through comparative quantitative analysis. Moving to a closer focus on the nature of social order and the crisis that has occurred in Eastern Europe, it considers the ideas of Jurgen Habermas and the place of social movements in these, and reviews different models of social movements in the transition from state socialism, using evidence from Estonia, Russia, and Hungary. Finally there are some comments on the relationship between social movements and the future of posttransition societies.
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