Abstract
T cell responses are a key cornerstone to viral immunity to drive high-quality antibody responses, establishing memory for recall and for viral clearance. Inefficient recruitment of T cell responses plays a role in the development of severe COVID-19 and is also represented by reduced cellular responses in men, children, and diversity compared with other epitope-specific subsets and available T cell receptor diversity. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are elicited by multiple vaccine formats and augmented by prior infection for hybrid immunity. Epitope conservation is relatively well-maintained leading to T cell crossreactivity for variants of concern that have diminished serological responses.
Highlights
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has rapidly spread globally to cause the COVID-19 pandemic due to a lack of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies and viral shedding during presymptomatic infection
This review will focus on the unique nature of the T cell response elicited by the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus during a primary immune response by infection and vaccination, and the relationship to common cold coronaviruses (CCCoVs) and variants of concern (VoC)
The authors found that S-specific CD8+ T cells displayed comparable magnitude, phenotype, and TCRαβ repertoire diversity and T cell receptor (TCR) motifs after both vaccination and infection, indicating the robustness of tetramer-binding CD8+ T cell responses elicited after COVID-19 mRNA vaccines
Summary
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has rapidly spread globally to cause the COVID-19 pandemic due to a lack of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies and viral shedding during presymptomatic infection. SARS-CoV-2 T cells have been quantified by a number of different immune assays based on epitope presentation leading to T cell receptor binding or activation for upregulation of surface markers or cytokine secretion (Figure 1B). Epitope-specific T cells for SARS-CoV-2 are derived from different viral proteins at baseline, subclinical infection, early during infection, and long-term memory (Figure 1A). The presence of SARSCoV-2-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was found in acute patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU at similar frequencies [30] Both SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T. cell responses were positively associated with RBD IgG antibodies and less severe disease; these correlations were lost in individuals older than 65 years [29].
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