Systemic wound signaling in plants: a new perception.

Abstract

Over 100 species of plants exhibit systemic wound signaling that induces the production of defensive chemicals in leaves and stems (1). The signaling is caused by herbivore attacks and also occurs in response to some pathogens (2–5). The most intensively studied systemic signaling response is that found in species of the Solanaceae family, where a systemic wound signal that is graft transmissible regulates the expression of defensive proteinase inhibitors (PIs) and polyphenol oxidase genes (6) (Fig. 1). On wounding, an 18-aa polypeptide, called systemin (7), interacts with a cell-surface receptor (8, 9) to initiate a signaling cascade that includes the release of linolenic acid (18 carbon atoms) from plant cell membranes and its subsequent conversion to 12 oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA; 18 carbon atoms) and jasmonic acid (JA; 12 carbon atoms) (10) through the well known octadecanoid pathway (11). JA activates the expression of several signaling pathway genes that up-regulate JA synthesis and the production of H2O2 (12) leading to the synthesis of PIs. OPDA and JA synthesis is analogous to elements of the inflammatory pathway in animals in which arachidonic acid (20 carbon atoms) is converted to prostaglandins (13). Systemin is considered a mobile long-distance signal, and OPDA isomers (14) and JA have been considered to be localized signals produced in target cells. Li et al., in a recent issue of PNAS (15), use two mutants defective in the wound-signaling pathway to provide evidence that JA or a derivative may also act as a long-distance transmissible signal for wound signaling. Jasmonic acid or a derivative may act as a long-distance transmissible signal for wound signaling.