Abstract
The purpose of this research was to create very polydisperse concentrated heavy oil-in-water emulsions by optimizing the co-solvents, surfactants, alkali, and electrolytes in the chemical formulation, with respect to the droplet size distribution. Novel co-solvents that have shown superior performance in chemical formulations used for enhanced oil recovery have been tested. Droplet size distributions that resulted in a lower emulsion viscosity were determined to have a higher mean droplet diameter (d32) and a bimodal droplet size distribution with a diameter ratio (d32,L/d32,S) of > 6 and a volume fraction (φS/(φL + φS)) of 0.2–0.3, where φ is the volume fraction of the dispersed phase and the subscripts L and S correspond to the larger and smaller peaks in the bimodal distribution. We report the effects of various chemical formulations on the droplet size distribution of heavy oil-in-water emulsions with a particular emphasis on d32 and, for the first time, the maximum packing fraction (φm) of oil drople...
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