Abstract
Background and rationale: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is a major cause of infections in dogs, also posing a zoonotic risk to humans. This systematic review aimed to determine the global epidemiology of MRSP and provide new insights into the population structure of this important veterinary pathogen.Methodology: Web of Science was searched systematically for articles reporting data on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs or other animal or human patients and carriers. Data from the eligible studies were then integrated with data from the MLST database for this species. Analysis of MLST data was performed with eBURST and ClonalFrame, and the proportion of MRSP isolates resistant to selected antimicrobial drugs was determined for the most predominant clonal complexes.Results: Fifty-eight studies published over the last 10 years were included in the review. MRSP represented 76% of the 1428 isolates characterized by the current MLST scheme. The population of S. pseudintermedius was highly diverse and included five major MRSP clonal complexes (CCs). CC71, previously described as the epidemic European clone, is now widespread worldwide. In Europe, CC258, which is more frequently susceptible to enrofloxacin and aminoglycosides, and more frequently resistant to sulphonamides/trimethoprim than CC71, is increasingly reported in various countries. CC68, previously described as the epidemic North American clone, is frequently reported in this region but also in Europe, while CC45 (associated with chloramphenicol resistance) and CC112 are prevalent in Asia. It was estimated that clonal diversification in this species is primarily driven by homologous recombination (r/m = 7.52).Conclusion: This study provides evidence that S. pseudintermedius has an epidemic population structure, in which five successful MRSP lineages with specific traits regarding antimicrobial resistance, genetic diversity and geographical distribution have emerged upon a weakly clonal background through acquisition of SCCmec and other mobile genetic elements.
Highlights
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a bacterial commensal of the skin and mucosae of dogs and the most prevalent cause of canine bacterial infections (Bannoehr and Guardabassi, 2012)
methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) represented 1087 (76.1%) of all 1428 S. pseudintermedius isolates that were characterized by Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)-7, and 558 (76.1%) of all 733 S. pseudintermedius isolates that were characterized according to MLST-5
Clinical isolates accounted for 81.8% of the isolates analyzed by MLST-7 for which an isolation source could be identified (n = 892)
Summary
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a bacterial commensal of the skin and mucosae of dogs and the most prevalent cause of canine bacterial infections (Bannoehr and Guardabassi, 2012). Infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) can be difficult or even impossible to treat using veterinary licensed systemic antimicrobial agents. Hospitalization, frequent visits to veterinary practices, and prior antimicrobial usage are recognized risk factors for canine MRSP infection and carriage (Frank et al, 2009; Rota et al, 2011; Nienhoff et al, 2011a,b; Weese et al, 2012; Windahl et al, 2012; Eckholm et al, 2013; Lehner et al, 2014; Grönthal et al, 2015). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is a major cause of infections in dogs, posing a zoonotic risk to humans. This systematic review aimed to determine the global epidemiology of MRSP and provide new insights into the population structure of this important veterinary pathogen
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