Systematic review and mapping of governments’ sustainable initiatives and entrepreneurial expectations

Outcome of the pesticides peer review meeting on general recurring issues in ecotoxicology

Objective of the Study: This paper empirically investigates the reciprocal relationship and causality between patents and economic growth. Methodology/Approach: Utilizing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) and panel VAR-Granger Causality frameworks, the study concentrates on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economies where a high fraction of global innovative activities take place. Originality/Relevance: The relationship and causality between patents and economic growth are investigated and evaluated by distinguishing the former variable into patent applications and grants. Main Results: The findings from the GMM panel VAR approach indicate that patent applications and grants significantly affect economic growth, whereas economic activities do not influence patent-related variables. The estimations from the panel VAR-Granger approach confirm these findings by presenting a unidirectional causality from patent applications and grants to economic growth. The impulse-response functions (IRFs) exhibit parallel findings, and further checks validate the stability of the findings obtained. The outcomes of this study point out two crucial implications. First, the impacts of patent applications and grants affect economic growth similarly while the impact of patent grants lasts longer. Second, while patents cause higher economic activity, the latter does not induce innovative activity through patents in the OECD. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions: It would be useful to conduct separate analyses for a selected product, sector, or country by including research and development (R&D) expenditures for different periods, country groups, and analysis methods. Social/Management Contributions: Countries should prioritize the establishment of an effective patent management system that will increase the pace of innovation and the implementation of incentive policies for the development of high-value-added technology products. JEL Classifications: O34, O40, O50, C23

Rent-seeking is a non-productive activity and is formed mostly following government intervention in the economy. In rent-seeking activities, resources and efforts are spent on achieving a monopoly position, and instead of being provided with productive activities, it is spent on distributive struggles that in the long run change the structure of economic and social incentives and lead to heavy welfare losses and heavy social costs. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting Rent-seeking helps us to reduce it and achieve economic growth. Property rights is one of the influential institutional variable that effect on rent-seeking. Property rights affect the motivation of individuals and the use of resources and can encourage productive activities such as the accumulation of skills, the development of new products and the creation of production technology, or can lead people to addictive, corrupt and crime behaviors. In countries where private property rights are well defined and enforced, the legal rights of investors are protected and investors are more willing to invest in financial institutions and the financial market flourishes. But if property rights are not well defined and enforced, people's motivation is distorted, people turn to rent-seeking, and their motivation to participate in productive work is greatly reduced.Due to the importance of property rights in the formation of rent-seeking, in this study, this issue is examined in addition to the impact of other variables such as education , democracy, economic growth, militarization, inflation and oil rent on rent-seeking. For this purpose, two groups selected member countries of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have been studied from 1996 to 2017. To achieve this goal, a panel data model has been used. First, with the Hadri-Rao test, which considers structural breaks, the stationarity of the data was investigated, pre-estimation tests were performed, and then due to cross-sectional dependency, variance heterogeneity and autocorrelation between the residual errors in each selected Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries and selected member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are estimated by the Driscoll-Cray method. The results show that in both groups, democracy and property rights and economic growth have a significant negative impact, both inflation and militarization has a positive and significant effect on rent-seeking. Also in the selected member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the rent-seeking decreases as the state of education improves. However, this variable has a significant and positive effect on the rent-seeking in oil-exporting countries. On the other hand, in oil-exporting countries, oil rent have a positive and significant effect on rent-seeking, when oil rent increase, people have less motivation to do productive work and they do more distributive activities.

EFSA Supporting PublicationsVolume 15, Issue 1 1366E Technical reportOpen Access Explanatory note on the selection of forage material suitable for the risk assessment of GM feed of plant origin European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this authorMichele Ardizzone, Michele ArdizzoneSearch for more papers by this authorClaudia Paoletti, Claudia PaolettiSearch for more papers by this authorElisabeth Waigmann, Elisabeth WaigmannSearch for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this authorMichele Ardizzone, Michele ArdizzoneSearch for more papers by this authorClaudia Paoletti, Claudia PaolettiSearch for more papers by this authorElisabeth Waigmann, Elisabeth WaigmannSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 January 2018 https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1366Citations: 6 Requestor: EFSA Question number: EFSA-Q-2017-00614 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Allen VG, Batello C, Berretta EJ, Hodgson J, Kothmann M, Li X, McIvor J, Milne J,. Morris C,. Peeters A and Sanderson M, 2011. An international terminology for grazing lands and grazing animals. Grass and Forage Science, 66, 2– 28. EFSA GMO Panel (EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms), 2011. EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO); Scientific Opinion on Guidance for risk assessment of food and feed from genetically modified plants. EFSA Journal 2011; 9(5):2150, 37 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2150 U Meier (ed.), 2001. Growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants, 2nd edition. BBCH Monograph. Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Bonn, Germany. McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA, Sinclair LA, Wilkinson RG, 7th ed., 2011. Animal Nutrition,. Pearson education limited. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2002a. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of sugar beet: key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No. 3. ENV/JM/MONO(2002)4 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2002b. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of maize (Zea maize): key food and feed nutrients, anti-nutrients and secondary plant metabolites. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No 11. ENV/JM/MONO(2004)16. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2009. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense): key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No 11. ENV/JM/MONO(2004)16. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2011. Revised consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of low erucic acid rapeseed (Canola): key food and feed nutrients, anti-nutrients and toxicants. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No. 24. ENV/JM/MONO (2011)55. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2012. Revised consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of soybean [Glycine max (L.) merr.]: Key food and feed nutrients, anti-nutrients, toxicants and allergens. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No. 25. ENV/JM/MONO(2012)24 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2015. Safety assessment of foods and feeds derived from transgenic crops, Volume 1, novel food and feed safety, OECD publishing, Paris. Citing Literature Volume15, Issue1January 20181366E ReferencesRelatedInformation

Reforming fossil fuel subsidies requires a new approach to setting international commitments

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsFrom Higher Education to Employment: Synthesis Report. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Higher Education and Employment: The Case of Humanities and Social Sciences. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentAbby RiddellAbby Riddell Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 40, Number 1Feb., 1996Special Issue on Religion Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447360 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 1996 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Social science scholarship on cancer has been almost exclusively focused on Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, despite a significant epidemiological transition taking place in many non-OECD contexts, with cancer emerging as a prominent, and strongly feared, illness experience. With cancer gaining an increasingly high profile in India, there is an urgent need to explore how experiences of cancer may be socially and culturally embedded, and in turn, how localized practices may shape the therapeutic encounter. Here, drawing on interviews with 40 people living with cancer in Hyderabad, India, we focus on some specific components of their therapeutic journeys, including diagnostic and prognostic disclosure, collective versus individual decision making, the dynamics of medical authority, and the reception of cancer within their social milieu. These participants' accounts provide insight into a range of cultural sensibilities around illness and care, and reinforce the importance of understanding the cultural inflections of communication, decisions, and illness experiences.

Educational institutions have been among the most active social organisations responding to and facilitating processes associated with globalisation. This has primarily been undertaken through the attempts of schools and universities to ‘internationalise’ their student intake, staffing, curricula, research, and assessment systems. Amongst the many benefits associated with the promotion of ‘internationalisation’ is that it will provide students with attributes such as global citizenship, skills or competencies that will contribute to improving tolerance, respect and harmony between nations and cultures. Various nations and global agencies actively promote such goals and global citizenship is included in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Positioned as a response to the Sustainable Development Goals, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has developed a metric to compare the ‘global competency’ of 15-year-old pupils, which was incorporated into the Programme for International Student Assessment 2018. We analyse the rationales for this decision, the conception of ‘global competence’ adopted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and how these have changed since its inception in 2013. We also explore how it will be measured and how the organisation deals with what it describes as ‘the most salient challenge affecting PISA’. We argue: (i) the official conception of ‘global competence’ finally adopted was strongly influenced by the organisation’s quest to position itself as the agency responsible for monitoring progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, and then amended to match what could be easily measured; and (ii) although the organisation presents its global competencies using a humanitarian discourse, it is framed by its economic mission.

In this colloquium, the authors provide an update on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s proposal for an International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study, the ‘first wave’ of which is now being implemented in three countries: England, Estonia and the USA. The authors argue that as the International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study progresses, its superficiality and pointlessness become more apparent. They also locate the International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study in a ‘global web of measurement’ centred on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, whose aim appears to be the reduction of education to a purely technical exercise of producing common outcomes measured by common indicators, with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development acting as the global arbiter, assessor and governor of education. They call on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and its partners to start engaging with legitimate concerns and criticisms.

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The problems of development assistance have loomed large on the OECD agenda ever since its establishment, first as the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) and then as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Briefly recapitulated, OEEC was created in 1948 to provide for the joint European execution of the Marshall Plan and for the close economic cooperation that the United States' aid offer had launched. Whatever the actual contribution of OEEC, the postwar European economic recovery was remarkably quick. Few international organizations have been thus blessed with the satisfaction of seeing their objectives so amply fulfilled.

As the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), we should study the latter as a preliminary to any discussion of the former.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was established in 1960, succeeding the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). Its mission is to promote sustainable economic growth, employment, and financial stability through cooperation and transparency among member countries. The OECD operates under a soft-law framework, utilizing non-binding instruments such as guidelines and peer reviews to influence policy and promote best practices. It consists of the Council, committees, and the Secretariat, which work iteratively to develop and implement policies. The OECD’s work spans diverse areas including taxation, trade, education, and environmental policies, contributing significantly to global economic integration. Its influence extends beyond its thirty-eight member countries through partnerships, global forums, and the inclusion of non-member countries in its activities. Despite challenges in maintaining relevance, the OECD continues to adapt to emerging global issues, emphasizing consensus-building and evidence-based policy recommendations.

What are the reasons for high turnover in nursing? A discussion of presumed causal factors and remedies

This article reviews the trends in the institutional development of work accident and sickness daily allowance schemes. It mainly concentrates on Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. It starts by outlining the history of work accident insurance, in most countries, the first social insurance programme legislated; its history highlights a number of factors behind the development of later programmes. The article then describes sickness insurance. Again, it begins with historical developments, focusing, in particular, on the universalism and generosity of benefits. It then moves on to discuss the extent to which sickness benefits have, in recent years, been targets for retrenchment. It finally tentatively reports future trajectories of these two income maintenance programmes. The evolution of work accident and sickness insurance schemes shows how insurance must be changed when the social problems for which the programme originally provided protection change in character.