SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW : KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS SISWA PADA MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) BERPENDEKATAN STEM

High International Electronic Cigarette Use Among Never Smoker Adolescents

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States; if current smoking rates continue, 5.6 million Americans aged <18 years who are alive today are projected to die prematurely from smoking-related disease. Tobacco use and addiction mostly begin during youth and young adulthood. CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2011-2015 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS) to determine the prevalence and trends of current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco product types (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes], hookahs [water pipes used to smoke tobacco], pipe tobacco, and bidis [small imported cigarettes wrapped in a tendu leaf]) among U.S. middle (grades 6-8) and high (grades 9-12) school students. In 2015, e-cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product among middle (5.3%) and high (16.0%) school students. During 2011-2015, significant increases in current use of e-cigarettes and hookahs occurred among middle and high school students, whereas current use of conventional tobacco products, such as cigarettes and cigars decreased, resulting in no change in overall tobacco product use. During 2014-2015, current use of e-cigarettes increased among middle school students, whereas current use of hookahs decreased among high school students; in contrast, no change was observed in use of hookahs among middle school students, use of e-cigarettes among high school students, or use of cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, pipe tobacco, or bidis among middle and high school students. In 2015, an estimated 4.7 million middle and high school students were current tobacco product users, and, therefore, continue to be exposed to harmful tobacco product constituents, including nicotine. Nicotine exposure during adolescence, a critical period for brain development, can cause addiction, might harm brain development, and could lead to sustained tobacco product use among youths. Comprehensive and sustained strategies are warranted to prevent and reduce the use of all tobacco products among U.S. youths.

When preparing a lesson plan, teachers should consider their mathematical problem-solving skills because this study aims to determine the mathematical problem-solving ability of junior high school students in driving schools that use teaching modules with PBL, PJBL, and conventional learning model stages in the independent curriculum. The research method used in this study is Quasi-Experimental with a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design research design. The population in this study is all grade VII students of SMPN 1 Bantargadung, which totals 72 students, and the sample is divided into three classes. The sampling technique used in this study is Cluster Random Sampling. The question instruments used were in the form of three questions on mathematical problem-solving skills in social arithmetic material and observation sheets. The results of the study showed that there was a difference in the problem-solving ability of junior high school students who used the PBL learning model with the PJBL learning model, and the conventional learning model of the independent curriculum, PBL learning was better compared to the PJBL learning model on the problem-solving ability of junior high school students, the traditional learning of the independent curriculum was better than the PBL learning model on the problem-solving ability of junior high school students, and conventional learning of the Independent curriculum is better than the PJBL learning model on the problem-solving ability of junior high school students.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States, and nearly all tobacco use begins during youth and young adulthood (1,2). CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2011-2017 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS)* to determine patterns of current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco product types among U.S. middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students and estimate use nationwide. Among high school students, current use of any tobacco product decreased from 24.2% (estimated 3.69 million users) in 2011 to 19.6% (2.95 million) in 2017. Among middle school students, current use of any tobacco product decreased from 7.5% (0.87 million) in 2011 to 5.6% (0.67 million) in 2017. In 2017, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were the most commonly used tobacco product among high (11.7%; 1.73 million) and middle (3.3%; 0.39 million) school students. During 2016-2017, decreases in current use of hookah and pipe tobacco occurred among high school students, while decreases in current use of any tobacco product, e-cigarettes, and hookah occurred among middle school students. Current use of any combustible tobacco product, ≥2 tobacco products, cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and bidis did not change among middle or high school students during 2016-2017. Comprehensive and sustained strategies can help prevent and reduce the use of all forms of tobacco products among U.S. youths (1,2).

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States; nearly all tobacco use begins during youth and young adulthood (1,2). Among youths, use of tobacco products in any form is unsafe (1,3). CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2011-2016 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS) to determine recent patterns of current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco product types among U.S. middle (grades 6-8) and high (grades 9-12) school students. In 2016, 20.2% of surveyed high school students and 7.2% of middle school students reported current tobacco product use. In 2016, among current tobacco product users, 47.2% of high school students and 42.4% of middle school students used ≥2 tobacco products, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were the most commonly used tobacco product among high (11.3%) and middle (4.3%) school students. Current use of any tobacco product did not change significantly during 2011-2016 among high or middle school students, although combustible tobacco product use declined. However, during 2015-2016, among high school students, decreases were observed in current use of any tobacco product, any combustible product, ≥2 tobacco products, e-cigarettes, and hookahs. Among middle school students, current use of e-cigarettes decreased. Comprehensive and sustained strategies can help prevent and reduce the use of all forms of tobacco products among U.S. youths (1-3).

Cancer-Related News from the CDC

Elementary, Middle, and High School Students Vary in Frequency and Purpose When Using Online Digital References

Tobacco product use during adolescence increases the risk for lifelong nicotine addiction and immediate adverse health effects (1,2). During 2011–2017, current use of cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and pipe tobacco decreased significantly among middle and high school students, but current use of e-cigarettes increased significantly from 1.5% to 11.7% (3). In 2017, an estimated 19.6% of high school students (2.95 million) and 5.6% of middle school students (0.67 million) were current users of any tobacco product; e-cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product for both middle (3.3%) and high (11.7%) school students (3). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and CDC analyzed combined data from the 2015–2017 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS) to determine past 30-day (current) frequency of use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and hookahs among U.S. high school and middle school students. During 2015–2017, the proportion of students currently using tobacco products who used a product for ≥20 of the past 30 days ranged from 14.0% of cigar smokers to 38.7% of smokeless tobacco users among high school students and from 13.1% of e-cigarette users to 24.5% of hookah smokers among middle school students. Among current users, use of two or more tobacco products ranged from 76.7% (e-cigarettes) to 90.9% (hookahs) among those using the product ≥20 of the preceding 30 days, from 68.0% (e-cigarettes) to 84.2% (hookahs) among those using the product for 6 to 19 of the preceding 30 days, and from 48.8% (e-cigarettes) to 77.2% (cigarettes) among those using the product for 1 to 5 of the preceding 30 days. Sustained implementation of proven tobacco control strategies focusing on all types of tobacco products, in coordination with the regulation of tobacco products by FDA, are needed to reduce tobacco product initiation and use among U.S. youths.

Purpose of this study was to assess the adolescents' drug abuse and the influence factors of the potential drug use. Research method used in this study was descriptive survey research.The total subjects of this study were 1714 Middle and High School Students in Gwangju city. The data were collected from October 22 to November 5, 2004 and analysed by Frequency test, x'test, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression Using the SPSS Program.The results were as follows. 1) In terms of smoking experience for last 1 year, 7.5% of the middle school students, 11.3% of the high school students, and 34.5% of the vocational high school students had a smoking experience. In terms of drinking experience for last 1 year, 30.7% of the middle school students, 52.8% of the high school students, 67.5% of the vocational high school students had a drinking experience. In term of drug using for last 1 year, 2.4% of the middle school students, 3.0% of the high school students, 2.9% of the vocational high school students had a drug using experience. 2) In term of the smoking level, the middle school students were the mean of 15.06, the high school students were the mean of 15.67, and the vocational high school students were the mean of 19.90. In term of the drinking level, the middle school students were the mean of 14.07, the high school students were the mean of 15.69, and the vocational high school students were the mean of 18.69. In term of the drug using level, the middle school students were the mean of 14.46, the high school students were the mean of 14.34, and the vocational high school students were the mean of 14.46. 3) In the distribution of the potential adolescents* substance problem, there were 3.6% of the middle school students, 10.3% of the high school students, and 25.6% of the vacational high school students. In term of the drug using level of the subjects, the potential group was the mean of 78.97 and the non-potential group was the mean of 51.69 in the middle school students, the potential group was the mean of 79.32 and the non-potential group was the mean of 55.97 in the high school students, and the potential group was the mean of 81.04 and the non-potential group was the mean of 59.62 in the vocational high school students. 4) In tenns of the potential substance problem level based on the general characteristics of the subjects, there was significant difference in gender(t=2.253, p=.O26), economic status(F=3.984, p=.O22), father's graduated school(F=3.344, p^.038) in the potential group, and there was signigicant difference in all characteristics excepted parents' living together in the non-potential group. 5) In terms of the drug experience, there was significant difference between the potential and non-potential group by smoking experience (x 2 =447.082, p=.000), 68.0% of the subjects had a smoking experience and 32.0% of the subjects had not a smoking experience in the potential group, and 8.6% of the subjects had a smoking experience and 91.4% of the subjects had not a smoking experience in the non-potential group. There was significant difference between the potential and non-potential group by drinking experience (x &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 161.014, p=.000), 89.3% of the subjects had a drinking experience and 10.7% of the subjects had not a drinking experience in the potential group, and 39.4% of the subjects had a drinking experience and 60.0% of the subjects had not a drinking experience in the non-potential group. There was significant difference between the potential and non-potental group by smoking experience (x&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=25.855, p=.000), 9.0% of the subjects had a drug using experience and 91.0% of the subjects had not a drug using experience in the potential group, and 2.2% of the subjects had a drug using experience and 97.8% of the subjects had not a drug using experience in the non-potential group. 6. The significant predictor of the risk factors for the adolescents' drug use was adolescents' drinking level(t=14.529, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.000) that explained 31.9% of the potential drug use. The following order was smoking level, school type, school performance, economic status, and these 5 factors explained 46.7% of the potential substance problem. Thus this study concluded that the adolescents who had the smoking, drinking, and drug using experience oi were in potential drug using group were significant difference among the middle, high, and vacational high school students. Therefore, it is required that the adolescents are offered substance abuse prevention program based on their grade or substance using level.

The purpose of this study is to carry out a survey of the oral health and maxillofacial trauma status of middle and high school students in Jeollabuk-do for establishing therapeutic and preventive measures and using as basic data on oral health care in an adolescent period. The results of this study are as follows. First, the prevalence status of oral diseases showed that male middle and female high school students have a little bit more dental caries than female middle and male high school students. And male middle and female high school students had more periodontitis than female middle and male high school students. Second, the maxillofacial trauma status of middle and high school students showed that both male middle and high school students have a little bit more experience of maxillofacial trauma than both female middle and high school students. And male middle and high school students had more experience of maxillofacial trauma than female middle and high school students, driven by unilateral hit in the fighting between male middle school students, and a car accident, fall, exercise, game, or unilateral hit in the fighting between male high school students. Third, the oral health status of middle and high school students showed that high school students have more dental caries, sealed permanent teeth, DMFT(Decay, Missing, Filling Teeth), and periodontitis than middle school students. Consequently, education for regular oral health care should be conducted through the importance of oral health care, and a systematic early diagnosis and remedy. It is urgent for adolescents to change their perception of the prevalence control, poor care prevention, and replacement reduction related to the importance of oral care.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States; nearly all tobacco product use begins during youth and young adulthood (1,2). CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2019 and 2020 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS) to determine changes in the current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco products among U.S. middle (grades 6-8) and high (grades 9-12) school students. In 2020, current use of any tobacco product was reported by 16.2% (4.47 million) of all students, including 23.6% (3.65 million) of high school and 6.7% (800,000) of middle school students. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were the most commonly used tobacco product among high school (19.6%; 3.02 million) and middle school (4.7%; 550,000) students. From 2019 to 2020, decreases in current use of any tobacco product, any combustible tobacco product, multiple tobacco products, e-cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco occurred among high school and middle school students; these declines resulted in an estimated 1.73 million fewer current youth tobacco product users in 2020 than in 2019 (6.20 million) (3). From 2019 to 2020, no significant change occurred in the use of cigarettes, hookahs, pipe tobacco, or heated tobacco products. The comprehensive and sustained implementation of evidence-based tobacco control strategies at the national, state, and local levels, combined with tobacco product regulation by FDA, is warranted to help sustain this progress and to prevent and reduce all forms of tobacco product use among U.S. youths (1,2).

The Career Adapt-Abilities Scale in Macau: Psychometric characteristics and construct validity

Child and Adolescent Sleep Patterns and Early School Start Times: Recognizing the Role of the Pediatric Nurse

IntroductionTobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States; nearly all tobacco product use begins during youth and young adulthood.MethodsCDC, the Food and Drug Administration, and the National Cancer Institute analyzed data from the 2011–2018 National Youth Tobacco Surveys to estimate tobacco product use among U.S. middle and high school students. Prevalence estimates of current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco products were assessed; differences over time were analyzed using multivariable regression (2011–2018) or t-test (2017–2018).ResultsIn 2018, current use of any tobacco product was reported by 27.1% of high school students (4.04 million) and 7.2% of middle school students (840,000); electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were the most commonly used product among high school (20.8%; 3.05 million) and middle school (4.9%; 570,000) students. Use of any tobacco product overall did not change significantly during 2011–2018 among either school level. During 2017–2018, current use of any tobacco product increased 38.3% (from 19.6% to 27.1%) among high school students and 28.6% (from 5.6% to 7.2%) among middle school students; e-cigarette use increased 77.8% (from 11.7% to 20.8%) among high school students and 48.5% (from 3.3% to 4.9%) among middle school students.Conclusions and Implications for Public Health PracticeA considerable increase in e-cigarette use among U.S. youths, coupled with no change in use of other tobacco products during 2017–2018, has erased recent progress in reducing overall tobacco product use among youths. The sustained implementation of comprehensive tobacco control strategies, in coordination with Food and Drug Administration regulation of tobacco products, can prevent and reduce the use of all forms of tobacco products among U.S. youths.

The 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act prohibits the inclusion of characterizing flavors (e.g., candy or fruit) other than tobacco and menthol in cigarettes; however, characterizing flavors are not currently prohibited in other tobacco products at the federal level.* Flavored tobacco products can appeal to youths and young adults and influence initiation and establishment of tobacco-use patterns (1). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and CDC analyzed data from the 2014-2018 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS) to determine prevalence of current (past 30-day) use of flavored tobacco products, including electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), hookah tobacco, cigars, pipe tobacco, smokeless tobacco, bidis, and menthol cigarettes among U.S. middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students. In 2018, an estimated 3.15 million (64.1%) youth tobacco product users currently used one or more flavored tobacco products, compared with 3.26 million (70.0%) in 2014. Despite this overall decrease in use of flavored tobacco products, current use of flavored e-cigarettes increased among high school students during 2014-2018; among middle school students, current use of flavored e-cigarettes increased during 2015-2018, following a decrease during 2014-2015. During 2014-2018, current use of flavored hookah tobacco decreased among middle and high school students; current use of flavored smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipe tobacco, and menthol cigarettes decreased among high school students. Full implementation of comprehensive tobacco prevention and control strategies, coupled with regulation of tobacco products by FDA, can help prevent and reduce use of tobacco products, including flavored tobacco products, among U.S. youths (2,3).