Abstract
Bandgap voltage references are indispensable in any analog/mixed-signal system. In this paper, we introduce a systematic gm/ID-based procedure to design a CMOS bandgap reference. The proposed iterative methodology relies on one-time-generated precomputed lookup tables (LUTs); thus, it does not require invoking a simulator in the loop. Despite the inherent finite accuracy of the LUT-based design approach, we demonstrate that a precision bandgap circuit can be designed with less than 1-ppm error. We verified the proposed procedure against the Spectre simulations and probed the design space using a symbolic circuit solver. Moreover, we demonstrated how variations and mismatch can be taken into account in the context of the proposed methodology. The results demonstrate that the proposed procedure can provide very accurate results in a short execution time, enabling the designer to explore the design space of key performance metrics, such as power-supply rejection (PSR) and noise.
Highlights
The exponential expansion of electronics is dominated by digital circuits, analog circuitry is usually the bottleneck in design cost and time
We show how the effect of process corners and mismatch can be analyzed in the context of the proposed design methodology
We devised an algorithm that iterates on precomputed lookup tables (LUTs) without the need to invoke a simulator in the loop
Summary
The exponential expansion of electronics is dominated by digital circuits, analog circuitry is usually the bottleneck in design cost and time. The analog designer employs his intuition and expertise to reach a rough starting point, lots of tweaking follows using a circuit simulator (e.g., SPICE) until specifications are hopefully met This tedious process must be repeated every time the specs or the technology changes. Commercial CAD tools are capable of performing local and global optimization given proper user constraints They rely on invoking the simulator at every iteration, resulting in long runtimes, in addition to expensive software licenses. The use of the gm/ID methodology and precomputed LUTs can, in general, alleviate the drawbacks of the previous equation-based and simulation-based approaches, the systematic design of bandgap voltage references using precomputed LUTs is difficult. We propose a robust and efficient gm/ID-based systematic design procedure for bandgap voltage references that addresses the aforementioned problems.
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