Abstract
Membrane characterisation provides a crucial link between the preparation and performance of membranes and their structure, chemistry, morphology, transport properties and other characteristics. This feature article – published in two parts – covers various characterisation techniques. The first instalment, which appears here, looks at why it is neccesary to carry out membrane characterisation and provides details of common methods that are used. It describes techniques for studying membrane morphology, such as various forms of microscopy – scanning electron, transmission electron, atomic force, chemical force, positron annihilation lifetime and electron paramagnetic resonance. It also highlights neutron scattering, and wide-angle X-ray and small-angle X-ray scattering.
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