Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 protein (PD-L1) has been posited to have a major role in suppressing the immune system during pregnancy, tissue allografts, autoimmune disease and other diseases, such as hepatitis. Photodynamic therapy uses light and a photosensitizer to generate singlet oxygen, which causes cell death (phototoxicity). In this work, photosensitizers (such as merocyanine) were immobilized on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles. One peptide sequence from PD-L1 was used as the template and imprinted onto poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) to generate magnetic composite nanoparticles for the targeting of PD-L1 on tumor cells. These nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering, high-performance liquid chromatography, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis and superconducting quantum interference magnetometry. Natural killer-92 cells were added to these composite nanoparticles, which were then incubated with human hepatoma (HepG2) cells and illuminated with visible light for various periods. The viability and apoptosis pathway of HepG2 were examined using a cell counting kit-8 and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Finally, treatment with composite nanoparticles and irradiation of light was performed using an animal xenograft model.
Highlights
Imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been synthesized for use as biomimetic antibodies for bioseparation [1,2], biosensing [3,4,5] or gene activation [6,7]
The viability of HepG2 cells treated with magnetic non-imprinted polymer composite nanoparticles (MNIPs) with Natural killer-92 (NK-92) cells was reduced by approximately 60%
HepG2 cells from 60% to about 30%; binding of magnetic peptide imprinted particles (MPIPs) on HepG2 increased suppression to 20%
Summary
Imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been synthesized for use as biomimetic antibodies for bioseparation [1,2], biosensing [3,4,5] or gene activation [6,7]. The targets chosen for imprinting have been small molecules [5], proteins [5,8], or even cells [9,10]. Templates used included entire molecules [3,11], or epitopes [5,12] of targets. With proteins, epitope imprinting is often used owing to the high cost of proteins, or solubility issues [1,13]. The science of protein epitope selection [5] or rational MIP design is immature, but several groups have demonstrated notable successes.
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