Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), caused by the occlusion of the left ventricular coronary artery, leads to the loss of cardiomyocytes and, potentially, heart failure. Cardiomyocytes in adult mammals proliferate at an extremely low rate and thus, a major challenge in MI treatment is supplementing exogenous cells and keeping them viable in MI areas. To address this challenge, injecting hydrogels encapsulating cells into MI areas, to compensate for the loss of cardiomyocytes, shows promise. This study synthesized two types of alginate hydrogels, based on self-crosslinking (SCL) and calcium ion crosslinking (Ca2+) in varying formulations. The hydrogels encapsulated living muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) and their performance was evaluated in terms of optimizing cell viability during the injection process, as well as the live/dead rate after long-term cultivation. The morphology of the hydrogel-encapsulated cells was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and live/dead cells were examined using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide staining) assay. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were also determined via a rheometer, to identify their influence on cell viability during the injection process and with respect to long-term cultivation. The SCL hydrogel with a 0.8% alginate and 20% gelatin formulation resulted in the highest cell viability during the injection process, and the Ca2+ hydrogel composed of 1.1% alginate and 20% gelatin maintained the highest cell survival rate after two months in culture.
Highlights
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is caused by an interruption of the blood supply to a part of the heart with cardiovascular disorder [1]
Density, calculated as the overall area of pores of each type of hydrogel, it was found to be slightly higher for the SCL hydrogels (744 μm2) than for the 2+ each type of(632 hydrogel, it was foundstructure to be slightly higher the SCLishydrogels
We present a study on two types of alginate hydrogels, self-crosslinked and calcium-ion cross-linked hydrogels, to encapsulate muscle-derived stem cells for potential MI repair
Summary
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is caused by an interruption of the blood supply to a part of the heart with cardiovascular disorder [1]. The ischemia or resulting restriction in the blood supply may cause damage to the myocardium or cardiomyocyte apoptosis, leading to heart failure. Association [2], MI and other cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide. The heart is primarily composed of the myocardium and coronary arteries. Supplied with oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood through the coronary arteries, the myocardium continuously contracts and relaxes, to pump blood throughout the body. The myocardium has an extremely limited regeneration potential [3,4], and so, after MI, the ischemic myocardium ceases to function properly, due to the loss or death of cardiomyocytes, i.e., the cells of which it is comprised
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