Abstract
In this study, C-N-S-tridoped TiO2 composite was fabricated from TiO2 prepared from ilmenite ore and thiourea by means of hydrothermal method. The obtained material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that C-N-S-tridoped TiO2 material has a large specific surface area, showing good photocatalytic activity on the degradation of antibiotic tetracycline in visible light region. The study on the mechanism of tetracycline photodegradation using the liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was performed. It was found that tetracycline has been degraded over C-N-S-tridoped TiO2 catalyst into many different intermediates which can eventually be converted into CO2 and H2O. The kinetics of photocatalytic decomposition of tetracycline were investigated. In addition, the obtained material could catalyze well the degradation of other antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol) and dyes (rhodamine-B, methylene blue, and organe red). The catalyst was stable after five recycles with slight loss of catalytic activity, which indicates great potential for practical application of C-N-S-tridoped TiO2 catalyst in treatment of wastewater containing tetracycline in particular or antibiotics in general.
Highlights
Tetracycline is one of the widely used antibiotics in veterinary medicine and aquaculture [1]
The morphology and the element composition were measured by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (Nova Nano scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 450) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEOL JEM 1010)
The physical chemistry characterizations of TH-TiO2 materials calcined at different temperature are presented in Figure S1–4 and Table S1
Summary
Tetracycline (denoted as TC) is one of the widely used antibiotics in veterinary medicine and aquaculture [1]. Many studies have suggested that TiO2 doped with nonmetal elements such as C, F, N, and S can extend the absorption spectrum to the visible light region [8,9,10,11]. Zhou and Yu [13] reported that TiO2 crystals simultaneously modified C, N, and S by solid phase reaction exhibited high photocatalytic activity for formaldehyde decomposition in visible light region. The high activity of this catalyst in visible region is due to the synergic effect of the large surface area, the red shift at the absorption edge, the strong absorption in the visible light zone, and the phase structure mixture of the material. Photocatalytic decomposition reaction in the visible region of tetracycline on C-N-Stridoped TiO2 composite was investigated
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