Synthesis, Characterisation and Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Analysis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Fruit Extract of Manilkara zapota

Recently nanotechnology, as an important area of scientific research, has a considerable growth in numerous fields. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by using plants and microorganisms has received significant attention due to the growing need to develop environmental technologies in nanoparticle synthesis. The green synthesis of nanoparticles is safe for humans and the environment due to lack of pollution. Plants can act as both stabilizing and reducing agents for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs). The research aim is an illustration of a novel method for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Achillea Nobilis extract. The crystalline structure and morphology of nanoparticles were studied using characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy studies, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope methods. The antioxidant activities of ZnO NPs and CuO NPs were evaluated using DPPH assays. Antibacterial activities of nanoparticles were tested against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria using the microdilution method. The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between MO NPs resistance and against bacteria.

Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (L.)

Nanostructured particles offer outstanding diversities of applications in the fields of nanotechnology, nano-engineering, nano-biotechnology, etc. Morphological structure, size distribution, electronic behavior including intrinsic characteristics of nanoparticles depend on the source and synthesis methods. Here, an eco-friendly approach using microwave irradiation for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles has been reported. Zinc nitrate was used as a precursor whereas starch and D-glucose were used as capping and reducing agent, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by different instrumental methods including Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The characteristic λmax at 373 nm for ZnO nanoparticles was recorded from UV-Vis absorption spectrum in aqueous system. FT-IR spectrum showed a very sharp peak at 476.62 cm-1 which confirmed the presence of Zn-O bond. The prepared ZnO was highly crystalline having wurtzite structure and the crystallite size was calculated to be 24.41 nm obtained from XRD analysis. FE-SEM images showed that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had near- spherical morphology and particle size was found in the range of 40–90 nm. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm application of ZnO nanoparticles were studied and inhibition zones of Gram negative Salmonella typhi (S. typhi), Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)- 8a were found to be 11 mm, 12 mm, 11.5 mm and 13.5 mm, respectively. Besides, ZnO nanoparticles also showed excellent photocatalytic activity against methylene blue dye solution. The easy and eco-friendly fabrication method would play vital role in other nanoparticles synthesis to meet the demand in textile industry, agriculture and medical sectors.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Catharanthus pusillus: Characterization, antibacterial, cytotoxicity of A549 cells, and photocatalytic degradation of Eosin (E) dye

Synthesis of nanoparticles through environmentally friendly and biologically mediated routes is the study upon which lot of research attention has been focused in recent times. In the present investigation, fungal-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was explored using an economical and nature friendly approach. Synthesis of the extracellular zinc oxide nanoparticles was achieved using fungal cultures of Pleurotus, Lentinus and Agaricus spp. The synthesized nanomaterial was thoroughly characterized using physical techniques including UV-Vis Spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and FTIR. UV-Vis Spectroscopy exposed a distinct absorption peak in the range of 300-400nm, validating the formation of nanoparticles. SEM images revealed the ZnNPs being agglomerated and irregular in shape. The size of the particles is in the average range of 10-100nm. XRD analysis demonstrated the nature of the nanoparticles as crystalline, with prominent diffraction peaks corresponding to the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure of zinc oxide. FTIR analysis provided insights into the functional groups present on the nanoparticle surface. This suggests that there is some involvement of fungal biomolecules in the reduction and stabilization of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles were assessed for their potential antifungal activity against Alternaria mali, a notorious phytopathogen responsible for causing leaf spot in Apple plant. The antifungal activity was assessed through poison food technique and results indicated a significant inhibition of Alternaria growth by the zinc oxide nanoparticles particularly the ones synthesized from Pleurotus, with a dose-dependent response. The mycogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach, minimizing the need for hazardous chemicals and reducing environmental impact. This study showcases the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a novel and effective biofungicide against Alternaria mali and contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable methods of nanoparticle synthesis and their applications in agriculture (disease management) and environmental management.

Plant-mediated synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles is a promising alternative to the traditional method of physical and chemical synthesis. In this paper, we report the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) by a biological method. During the study, Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by Allium sativum skin (garlic skin) extract. Formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles has been confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope with Energy dispersive X-ray studies (EDX) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), Atomic force Microscopy (AFM), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). UV-vis spectroscopy confirms the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and showed the characteristic of absorption peak at 370nm. The scanning electron microscope and Transmission electron microscope confirms the formation of the rod and hexagonal shaped nanoparticles having average size 7.77 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis states the formation of highly pure zinc oxide nanoparticles. The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using garlic skin are expected to have applications in biotechnology, biomedical, catalysis, coatings, sensors and water remediation. This green approach for the synthesis is a cheap, novel, eco friendly and convenient method.

RETRACTED: Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity

The present study focuses on the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using a novel Lepidagathis ananthapuramensis (LA) leaf extract and a systematic study on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The structural, thermal, morphological, optical, and surface area analysis of prepared ZnO NPs were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The LA stabilised ZnO NPs produced NPs with diverse morphologies, low band gap and cost-effective high yield of production. A systematic study has been carried out to determine the crystallinity and crystallite size of ZnO NPs based on the concentration of Zn(NO3)2 precursor, concentration of LA leaf extract, calcination temperature and calcination time. The crystallinity and crystallite size of ZnO NPs were evaluated based on the XRD technique. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO NPs was thoroughly investigated for the degradation of MB dye based on various physicochemical parameters such as reaction time, concentration of catalyst, concentration of precursors, concentration of LA extract, concentration of MB, calcination temperature and calcination time. These systematic photocatalytic studies followed green protocols and provided an excellent photocatalytic efficiency result of 96-98.5% towards the decomposition of MB. Hence, this material can work as a potential candidate for waste water treatment by also degrading other toxic dyes.

Facile green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by Eucalyptus globulus and their photocatalytic and antioxidant activity

Synthesis of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles by Facile Polyol Method for the Assessment of Possible Agents for Seed Germination

The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using plant extracts is an eco-friendly and economical process compared with existing methods. The present investigation utilized the leaf and seed extracts of Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile to biosynthesize ZnO-NPs using a green technique with zinc acetate as the precursor at 80 °C for 60 minutes. XRD analysis proved the hexagonal structure of the Wurtzite ZnO-NPs, with average crystallite dimensions of approximately 40 nm. The estimated band gaps using UV-Visible spectroscopy were in the range of 3.17–3.19 eV, and FTIR, SEM, XPS, and EDS studies proved the functional groups and element contents of ZnO-NPs, in which trace levels of Ca and Mg were present in the extracts. The ZnO-NPs derived from the green synthesis method displayed high antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which surpassed the antibacterial efficacy of the crude extracts. The green synthesis of ZnO NPs using Croton macrostachyus extracts thus presents promising results in relation to their possible antibacterial applications in the biomedical field and green nanotechnology.

Cynara scolymus leaves were used in the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). ZnO NPs was confirmed by the formation of a white precipitate. UV–visible spectroscopy results showed a strong absorbance peak at 371 nm. The use of SEM confirmed the spherical shape of the nanoparticles, which had an average size of 65.9 nm. The nanoparticle zinc (80.17%) and oxygen (19.83%) composition was confirmed using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). X-ray power diffraction (XRD) spectra confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. We found 0.5% hemolysis following the addition of 100 μg/ml of ZnO NPs. A MIC study found that bacteria were more susceptible to ZnO NPs relative to fungi. The ZnO NPs photocatalytic degradation activity was assessed using methyl violet and malachite green, which exhibited 94.3% degradation after 120 min of UV exposure and 89.5% degradation after 120 min of UV exposure, respectively. Using human breast cancer cell line (MCF 7) and Vero cells, we found half maximal IC50 values of 65.31 μg/μl and 957.85 μg/μl, respectively, following antiproliferative assays. Thus, green synthesized ZnO NPs were found to possess hemolytic, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and antiproliferative activities, and as such could be used in the development of novel drugs.

Cyanobacteria, being a prominent category of phototrophic organism, exhibit substantial potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds and phytonutrients, including liposomes, amino derivatives, proteins, and carotenoids. In this investigation, a polyphasic approach was employed to isolate and characterize a newly discovered cyanobacterial strain from a rice field in the Garh Moor district of Jhang. Desertifilum sp. TN-15, a unique and less explored cyanobacterial strain, holds significant promise as a novel candidate for the synthesis of nanoparticles. This noticeable research gap underscores the novelty and untapped potential of Desertifilum sp. TN-15 in the field of nanomedicine. The characterization of the biogenically synthesized ZnO–NPs involved the application of diverse analytical techniques. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy revealed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 298 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis was utilized to confirm the involvement of biomolecules in the biogenic synthesis and stability. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to probe the surface morphology of the biogenic ZnO–NPs unveiling their size of 94.80 nm and star-shaped. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction analysis substantiated the crystalline nature of ZnO–NPs, with a crystalline size measuring 46 nm. To assess the physical stability of ZnO–NPs, zeta potential and dynamic light scattering measurements were conducted, yielding values of + 31.6 mV, and 94.80 nm, respectively, indicative of favorable stability. The antibacterial capabilities of Desertifilum sp. TN-15 are attributed to its abundance of bioactive components, including proteins, liposomes, amino derivatives, and carotenoids. Through the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO–NPs) with this strain, we have effectively used these chemicals to generate nanoparticles that exhibit noteworthy antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 30.05 ± 0.003 µg/ml). Additionally, the ZnO–NPs displayed potent antifungal activity and antioxidant properties, as well as significant antihemolytic effects on red blood cells (IC50: 4.8 µg/ml). Cytotoxicity assessment using brine shrimps revealed an IC50 value of 3.1 µg/ml. The multifaceted actions of the biogenically synthesized ZnO–NPs underscore their potential applications in pharmacological and therapeutic fields. This study proposes a novel method for ZnO–NPs production utilizing the recently identified cyanobacterial strain Desertifilum sp. TN-15, highlighting the growing significance of biological systems in the environmentally friendly fabrication of metallic oxide nanomaterials.

Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plants, enzymes, and microorganism have been known as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional physical and chemical methods. Recently, the biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been a keen interest amongst researchers and scientist due to its simple technique, eco-friendliness, non-toxic, inexpensive and potential to perform in antibacterial activity. Thus, in this current work, the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using reduction agent from fruit extracts of Ananas Comosus is reported. The biosynthesized zinc oxide was characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average size of the nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 30-57nm. The antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was carried out via agar diffusion method against pathogenic organisms. It is observed that the biosynthesized ZnO in the process has the efficient antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Ananas Comosus is considered as a potential additive to substitute other metal oxides such as silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)but also provide antibacterial effect that able to enhance the nanoparticle performance.

Ultrasound irradiation based in-situ synthesis of star-like Tragacanth gum/zinc oxide nanoparticles on cotton fabric