Abstract
In this present work, a low-cost adsorbent is reported using exfoliated graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with cyclic polysaccharide via an easily scalable, sustainable, and eco-friendly method for the removal of atenolol, a beta-blocker from an aqueous solution. The beta-cyclodextrin (BCD) functionalized GO (BCDGO) adsorbent was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis, Zeta potential analysis, and BET analyzer. IFFT analysis using a TEM image was done, which indicated an increase in d-spacing from 0.22 nm in GO to 0.74 nm in BCDGO. It was observed that BCDGO is an efficient adsorbent in removing atenolol and showed faster kinetics compared to GO as determined from a UV–Visible spectrophotometer. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed functionalization by BCD molecules. XRD analysis indicated an increase in crystallite size, and BET analysis showed that BCDGO had increased surface area by 25 times compared to conventional GO synthesized by modified Hummer's method. The mechanistic insight corresponding to the electrostatic interaction of atenolol at the interface of the BCDGO is established using zeta potential analysis. The recyclability of BCDGO was established as it could remove 60% atenolol after four consecutive cycles with an atenolol concentration of 50 μM.
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