Synonym Series , Lexical-Semantic Group, Lexical-Semantic Field Terms: Interpretations and Comments

The article outlines three lexical-semantic fields of word-formation rows with the suffix -ment. The aim of the paper is to investigate three lexical-semantic fields which consist of the lexical-semantic field denoting improvement, confinement and feelings. To achieve this aim, the following tasks should be completed such as investigating motivation relations in derived words with the suffix -ment and analyzing their structure with the help of the applicative generative model. The methods of componential and comparative analysis and the relator language of the applicative generative model were applied for fulfilling the above-mentioned tasks. To build word-formation rows, the words are segmented according to their motivation relations. Etymological aspect is not taken into account. Every field consists of lexical-semantic groups. The lexical-semantic field denoting the action of improvement consists of fifty-eight words, which are classified into seven lexical-semantic groups. This field is represented by thirteen R-structures. The lexical-semantic field of feelings includes two lexicalsemantic groups which contain six R-structures. The lexical-semantic field of confinement includes twenty-one words represented by six R-structures. Paradigmatic relations in lexical-semantic groups were analyzed in order to illustrate interfiled connections. Synonymic rows and antonymic pairs in lexical-semantic groups and hyperonyms distinguished in lexical-semantic fields prove paradigmatic relations. Lexical-semantic fields consist of nouns because the suffix -ment generates, mainly, nomina actionis. The term word-formation row is described in the paper as this notion which is a complex unit of word-formation hasn’t been studied thoroughly yet. The word-formation row in every lexicalsemantic field is highlighted in the article. The more lexical-semantic groups comprise the lexical-semantic field, the more R-structures the word-formation row has in a lexical-semantic field. Besides, this fact proves that English words with the suffix -ment are polysemous and variable. The polysemy of these words is illustrated via interfiled connections, e.g., the word fulfillment with the meaning “a feeling of satisfaction” belongs to the lexical-semantic field of feelings, and with the meaning “the act of doing smth. that you have promised or intended to do” this word can be involved in the lexical-semantic group of achievement which belongs to the lexical-semantic field of improvement. The relator language of the applicative generative model is used to investigate R-structure of English words with the suffix -ment. This analysis helps to create word-formation rows. R=rows of artificial language and L=rows of natural language are described. The research results lead to the conclusion that three lexical-semantic fields can be characterized by polysemous character of English words with the suffix -ment which are represented by interfiled connections. The variety of R-structures comprising wordformation rows shows the variativity of the investigated words and proves the idea that words may be derived not only from verbs but also nouns and adjectives. Interfield connections in three lexicalsemantic fields demonstrate that all words with the suffix -ment can be grouped into lexical-semantic fields. It can be useful and significant for linguists to create different English dictionaries. So, the aim of the further study is to arrange all existing words with the suffix -ment into lexical-semantic fields and make an attempt to create the dictionary of R-words and L=words with the suffix -ment.

For a literary text, the use of comparative constructions is extremely important, because, in such a way, a writer shows his own worldview, subjective and evaluative attitude to the facts and phenomena of objective reality, figuratively and expressively specifying the distinctive features of a particular image. The topicality of the research is determined by the fact that comparative constructions are widely represented in the collection of short stories by M. Dochynets „Bread and Chocolate”, that is why they have become the subject of scientific research. The aim of the article is to analyze the semantic structure of comparative constructions by the object of comparison as a manifestation of the writer’s individual style. The factual material made it possible to divide the comparative constructions into seven lexical-semantic fields (LSF): „man”, „animate nature”, „man-made objects”, „inanimate nature”, „sensory feelings”, „time”, „demoniac creatures”. The structure of the LSF „man” includes the following constituents: names of personalities, somatisms, biblical expressions, features of the object; the LSF „animate nature” is represented by three lexical-semantic groups (LSG) – names of flora, zoonyms, ornithonyms. The components of the LSF „man-made objects” are the following LSGs: names of everyday objects, names of the parts of a building, the materials for construction, names of transport; the LSF „inanimate nature” – names of substances and materials, names of natural phenomena, locatives, hydronyms. The LSF „sensory feelings” includes three LSG – sounds, smells, taste. The LSF „time” and „demoniac creatures” are homogeneous in their structure and do not require differentiation into LSG. The distinguished comparative constructions by the object of comparison are interpreted as individually author’s ones and require further research. The analysis of comparative constructions by the subject and feature of comparison, the determination of their stylistic function in the author’s literary texts, in particular in the collection of short stories „Bread and Chocolate” are considered as an advanced research direction.

The article discusses the significance and function of nouns within the content structure of educational advertising texts, an under-explored area in advertising discourse. A myriad of socio-political factors that impact the evolution of education in a country (such as integration into the global educational framework, market economy influences, and changes in educational formats) have driven the commercialization of education. These factors have also fostered the development of advertising efforts by educational institutions and heightened the prominence of advertising texts for educational services.Advertising brochures, booklets of higher education institutions, flyers promoting faculties, departments, educational programs, and advertisements for professional-oriented schools and courses feature a categorization that includes a list or a systematized description. This necessitates the use of nouns in the nominative case, both common and proper nouns. In this context, nouns play a crucial role in ensuring the precision and comprehensiveness of the information, thereby serving as a convenient and informative resource for consumers.In the analysis, the lexical-grammatical class within the ‘education’ lexical-semantic field is segmented into various lexical-semantic groups and subgroups. The nouns of the main lexical-semantic groups convey meanings broadly categorized as names of educational institutions; professional orientations; individuals involved in the educational process; educational activities; quality and outcomes of education. The nouns of each subgroup are described, along with their primary functions as means of enhancing the informativeness of advertising and as markers of influence.It has been discovered that abstract nouns are productive, predominantly manifesting a positive image of the entity providing educational services. They reveal moral-ethical values and philosophical categories, which succinctly express the educational ethos of educational institutions.It is noted that a large number of nominalized verbs are used, which emphasize the action aspect – educational activities at various educational levels. In the lexical-semantic group describing the educational process, nouns from thematic groups of educational/pedagogical terminology predominate. The primacy of nouns in educational advertising discourse is confirmed, highlighting their pivotal role in shaping the advertising message, both in providing a rational component and in creating an emotional backdrop. In advertising texts, morphological units from various lexical-grammatical classes fulfill specific roles that align with the overarching advertising concept, necessitating their study and analysis in academic research.

The article is dedicated to the issue of a lexical-semantic field within an author’s literary text. A lexical-semantic field is viewed as a paradigmatic group of lexical units that are united in accordance with their semantic affinity. A lexical-semantic field is explained to possess a hierarchical structure, which allows to ensure a developed semantic picture of a certain conceptual field. Based on the novels of John Maxwell Coetzee, the structure of a lexical-semantic field is outlined. It encompasses semantic concretization of specific areas of an individual author’s linguistic world picture. The first stratum of a lexical semantic field is defined as a lexical semantic microfield that reflects division of a broader conceptual area into narrower related ones. A lexical semantic microfield is, in turn, divided into semantic subclasses, i.e. word groups based on similar semantic and morphologic characteristics. Introduction of semantic subclasses into the structure of a lexical semantic field is encouraged by the need to group lexical units according to part-of-speech criterion and, simultaneously, demonstrate semantic plentifulness of meaning in the individual author’s linguistic world picture. The lower hierarchical stratum is occupied by a lexical semantic group which embodies intralingual relations among lexical meanings. Inclusion of lexical units into a lexical semantic field is possible under the condition of dominant seme component that marks semantic affinity of a word to the relevant outer linguistic reality. Inventorization of suitable lexical units takes place via dictionary definition analysis, since reference to lexicographic definitions allows to create a chain of definitions and reveal pertinent semes in word meanings. One of the lexical semantic fields construed is based on novels by John Maxwell Coetzee is „HUMAN”, reflecting the conceptual field of a human. The abovementioned lexical semantic field is divided into four lexical semantic subfields that together sketch a human through the lens of emotions and feelings, built, mind and thinking, and, eventually, language. The present article focuses on lexical semantic microfield „Human Body”. The paradigm of lexical semantic field structure is represented, semantic range of meaning within the microfield is described, and grouping of lexical units into semantic subclasses and lexical semantic groups based on the analysis of dictionary definitions is performed.

In the paper we analyze the lexical-semantic group «parts of a day» and the structure of a similar associative field of temporality based on the material of I. Rozdobudko's story «Arsen». The importance of studying the language of the works of modern Ukrainian writers is to track the peculiarities of the development of the modern Ukrainian language, its forms and means of expression, especially considering that artistic texts for children and teenagers, like the analyzed novel, are the most vivid representatives of modern perception and reading of the language as a living system. The difference between the concepts of lexical-semantic group (LSG) and thematic group (TG) was clarified, which made it possible to more specifically analyze the semantics of the analyzed examples. The lexical-semantic group «Parts of the day» is conditionally divided into microfields «night», «morning», «day», «evening». Each of the analyzed microfields is expressed within the lexical-semantic and associative fields, which caused the need to distinguish the concepts of «lexical-semantic field» and «associative field». The research was conducted by collecting and analyzing linguistic material, as well as analyzing available scientific sources. The semantics of temporal nominations (time names) to denote parts of the day in the story «Arsen» is unambiguous and does not compare with the semantics of the life cycle, as in folk-poetic texts. That is, we are observing a new way of highlighting time semantics, the figurative expression of which only emphasizes the main meaning, without providing semantic connotations. In the semantic structure of the lexical-semantic field «time», we distinguish thematic groups of the vocabulary, which include words from different parts of the language to denote a common concept, and lexical-semantic groups that combine full-meaning words of the same part of the language. According to the structure of the lexical-semantic group «parts of the day», which is based on the day/day in the meaning of the day, we distinguish the following microfields: «night», «morning», «day», «evening» as its components. Each of the analyzed microfields is characterized by figurative semantics, aesthetics, and sensuality characteristic of artistic language, but devoid of sentimentalism, which is characteristic of modern artistic prose. The associative field is expressed by two signs: color and light, which prevails, and taste (related to the names of meals). The results of the study testify to the clear construction of the lexical-semantic system of the language, its division into groups and microfields according to the semantic principle, which makes it possible to trace intergroup and even interfield connections, since no language unit can exist separately from others. It was found that the intensity of light and color is the main semantic criterion by which the associative field «time» should be classified using the example of parts of the day. We see the prospects for further scientific research in the study of the concepts of the lexical-semantic and associative fields based on the material of the works of modern writers in order to fix and preserve the psycholinguistic aspect of language in the modern historical era.

In modern linguistics, more and more attention is paid to comparative studies of vocabulary, and the main subject of research is allomorphic and isomorphic characteristics of the compared languages. Given the principle of systematicity, comparing isolated lexemes cannot be productive. Since the meaning of a word is determined to a certain extent by its place in the lexical-semantic system, paradigmatic associations should be matched. By the term ‘microfield’ we understand a set of language units that are united by a common content and reflect the conceptual (cognitive), substantive or functional similarity of the phenomena denoted by them. Microfields are divided into lexical-semantic groups. The analysis at the level of LSG allows to more fully determine the complexity of the semantic structure of a word and to reveal systematicity in the organization of vocabulary material of the language. The article describes the differential and integral features of the microfield ‘Mental traits of a person’s character’ of the lexical-semantic field ‘Character traits of a person’ in the Ukrainian and German languages. This microfield in both languages includes lexical units with the common semantic feature ‘Mental traits of human character’, containing the specific differential seme ‘rationality’. The basis of the comparison are semes ‘man’s ability to think’, ‘the ability to reflect and learn objective reality’, ‘the ability to think well and quickly’, ‘the ability to find a way out of any situation’, ‘the presence of versatile knowledge’, ‘the presence of life experience’, which set a single background against which the features of each of the compared languages stand out. The microfield ‘Mental traits of character’ in both languages consists of the following lexical-semantic groups: 1. Lexical units that denote the characteristics of a person by the ability/inability to think; 2. Lexical units that indicate the ability to ingenuity, the ability to find a way out of any situation; 3. Lexical units that denote the ability to know and reflect objective reality; 4. Lexical units to indicate the characteristics of a person according to the presence/absence of life experience; 5. Lexical units to indicate the characteristics of a person by education.

The article deals with the peculiarities of the lexico-semantic field ‘neuroscience’ on the basis of the popular science books “Livewired” and ‘Incognito’ by D. Eagleman. The concepts of ‘lexico-semantic group’, ‘thematic group’ and ‘lexico-semantic field’ are distinguished. The study of the concept of lexico-semantic field dates back to the last century with the works of German scholars G. Ipsen, J. Trier, and W. Porzig. A lexical-semantic field (LSF) includes components that are semantically united. A thematic group is a narrower concept and is part of a lexical-semantic field. A lexico-semantic group can be a part of both a thematic group and a lexico-semantic field; the components in such a group are united by a common category or structure. LSPs based on medical vocabulary have been studied before, but such studies have not focused on neurology or neuroscience. Therefore, the lexical units of the lexical-semantic field were selected from the research material by the method of general sampling and divided into 7 lexical-semantic groups: ‘disorders of the nervous system’, ‘specialists in the field of neuroscience’, ‘procedures and operations’, ‘chemicals of the nervous system’, ‘components of the nervous system’, ‘scientific disciplines related to neuroscience’ and ‘processes of the nervous system’. The fullness of these groups was determined and compared, the largest of which was ‘components of the nervous system’, and the smallest - ‘neuroscience specialists’ and ‘procedures and operations’. The number of different lexical units (LUs) in these groups was determined and compared. The most widely represented group turned out to be “components of the nervous system,” while the least represented was “scientific disciplines related to neuroscience.” The frequency of use of lexical units within the studied lexical-semantic field was also calculated, and it was found that the ratio of usage frequency in the identified lexical-semantic groups corresponds to the number of different LUs in them.

Background. In modern linguistics, research is being carried out on the methods of term formation in the lexical-semantic fields of various spheres of human activity. The purpose of the article is to study term formation in modern English in the lexical-semantic field “chemical engineering” based on structural and derivational aspects. The structural aspect means component analysis, which allows us to identify the number of special lexical units in a terminological combination. Materials and methods. A sample of special lexical units (363) from English-language articles in the chemical industry is presented as material for the study. Descriptive, structural, typological, as well as the method of component analysis were used to study the material. Results. The most common and less common structural models have been identified based on the partial compatibility of components, as well as the lexical length of special lexical units, i.e. the number of components in a terminological combination. The morphological features of special lexical units have been determined. Analysis of grammatical derivation allowed us to identify linear models, including affixation and compounding, as well as non-linear models represented by abbreviations, for example, abbreviations, combinations with abbreviations, nomenclature units, combinations with nomenclature units and word mergers with truncation of word stems. The semantic aspect of the analysis of special lexical units allowed us to identify a few anthroponyms, as well as units with internal predication. Scope of application of the results. The results of the study can be used for further research on term formation in lexical-semantic fields.

Background. The article addresses the conceptual issues of enhancing the linguistic competence of Philology majors in a foreign language classroom. The cognitive approach is applied to boost understanding of the concepts such as “lexical-semantic field”, “categorization”, “conceptualization”, “conceptual category” and “semantic category”. The article also focuses on developing the skills of identifying semantic relationships within a lexical-semantic field, namely polysemy, antonyms, and synonyms as well as metaphoric transference. Purpose. With the issue being underresearched, the purpose of the article is to discuss the ways to enhance students’ awareness of semantic relationships within a lexical-semantic field. Achieving the goal involved pursuing the following tasks: to clarify the hierarchical relationships between the processes of cognition of categories and concepts; use a generalized definition of “lexical-semantic field” and to present its structure; determine the main relationships between the components of a lexical and semantic field to make use of in the process of learning a foreign language. Results and discussion. It is proposed to organize the process of mastering the key categories of linguistics by applying the following techniques: analysis of a lexical-semantic field, detailing a lexical-semantic group of words, defining a common semantic component within a group. To successfully master the second language, students need to distinguish between semantic and conceptual categories, as well as to inference their meaning in a certain sign form. It is envisaged that by examining the semantic relationships within a lexical-semantic field students learn to effectively analyze the metaphorical transfer of meaning, which is an indispensable skill of language competence.

The paper analyses the linguistic means used to denote the military of the Ukrainian army within the discourse of the Russia-Ukraine armed conflict. The military conflict that has been ongoing since 2014 has affected the linguistic picture of Ukrainian society. In the media space, a complex of linguistic means is formed, reflecting the armed and information confrontation. A special role is played by linguistic units that objectify the positive image of a warrior of his own army. The purpose of the paper is to model the structure of the lexical-semantic group “WARRIORS” in the discourse of the Russia-Ukraine information war. For this purpose, the texts of Ukrainian information portals and pages in social networks are analysed, as a result of which 90 lexemes and collocations to denote the military of the Ukrainian army are recorded. As a result of the analysis, the structure of the lexico-semantic group “WARRIORS” as a component of the “DEFENDER” microfield within the lexical-semantic field “WAR” is modelled. A semantic-cognitive analysis of the DEFENDER and WARRIOR concepts in the discourse of information war is carried out. The results of the analysis show that the linguistic designation of the defender in the modern Ukrainian media discourse coincides with the traditional picture of the world of speakers, according to which the warrior of his own army is endowed with exclusively positive qualities. Within the lexical-semantic group “WARRIORS” two types of microgroups are distinguished: for designations of general concepts and specialized designations – with approximately the same set of constituents – 46 and 44 units, respectively. In each of these types, 10 lexical-semantic microgroups are allocated. It is established that in the analysed media space both ready-made nominative units and morphological innovations are used to denote the defender. The use of paraphrases and metaphorical collocations is common. The influence of socially important events on the choice of language units for the designation of the military is also recorded.

The article examines the issues of systemic semantic organization of vocabulary from the point of view of how they reflect the principles of categorization of knowledge about reality. Different principles that underlie the systemic organization of semantic paradigms of different types are shown. Some principles of categorization are reflected in the semantic structure of a single word, as well as a specific paradigm that captures the result of categorization of one fragment of reality. It is shown that the principles of knowledge categorization in this case reflect the objective features of the denotation in its perception by consciousness. Other principles of knowledge categorization are revealed when comparing different types of semantic paradigms (lexical-semantic group, lexical-semantic field, associative-semantic field, derivational-semantic field), including those that categorize knowledge about the same denotative field. The principles of categorization, identified on the basis of a comparison of interword semantic relations within the framework of paradigms of different types, are to a greater extent universal and relate to the cognition of any or many denotative areas. A comparison of relationships between lexical units in different types of semantic paradigms confirms the fact of multiple categorization of knowledge about the same reality as a principle of categorization of knowledge about the world. This conclusion follows from the picture of multiple intersections of different types of paradigms, which include the same lexical units. Comparison of systemic organization of semantic paradigms of different types more fully reveals the mechanism of systematizing activity of consciousness – categorization and conceptualization of knowledge in the world picture of linguistic community.

In the presented article, the semantic strength of the paradigmatic connections of the lexical-semantic field with the meaning “gratitude” is determined based on the definitions of the lexicographic sources of the modern German language and corpus data. The obtained results are analyzed and presented in tables. In our opinion, a high degree of objectivity of the obtained results is provided by quantitative studies. This is also confirmed by numerous studies by linguists of Chernivtsi and Odesa National Universities, applied to describe a number of lexical-semantic groups. Determining the semantic strength of paradigmatic connections in the lexical-semantic group of nouns, adjectives, and verbs with the meaning of thanks will contribute to clarifying the data we obtained as a result of the previously conducted inventory of lexical and semantic group, and will also make it possible to describe the properties of the group’s components in more detail. The work is based on a proven proposition, according to which the components of the interpretation of a word in a dictionary article are not characterized by chaotic placement, but by a certain hierarchical subordination. The greatest weight, and therefore the strength of the connection, is characteristic of the word that is closest to the explained word (Levytskyi, 1989, p. 88) and has a higher frequency of use in the text corpus. Paradigm I.2 (669879; Dankbarkeit) as a formal marker of gratitude and paradigm I.3 (5116; Anerkennung) – recognition as an expression of gratitude showed the greatest importance based on textual data. Somewhat less relevant is the paradigm I.4 (2461; Geschenk) as a thank you thanks, and the components of I.1 (130; Dankgefühl) have a sufficiently low frequency of use to denote a feeling of gratitude. Components of adjectival and verbal paradigms add to the lexical-semantic field of gratitude, indicating gratitude in view of performance, economic benefit from the use of assets, gratitude as a dependence on another person, a sense of obligation due to gratitude for previously provided help.

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The article is dedicated to the investigation of the functioning of lexical-semantic field “Metal” in the literature. The contents of the lexical-semantic field is being determined and the cases of direct and transferred usage of metal nominations observed in the given text are being analyzed. The thematic group “Metal” is being picked out. In modern linguistics lexical-semantic field is defined as a set of lexical units which are integrated through common content. LSF is characterised by the presence of a common semantic feature, which brings together all the units of the field and which is usually expressed by a generalized meaning. This integral feature, which combines the constituents of an LSF, is known in linguistic literature as archseme according to Z.D. Popova. With the development of modern linguistics, the so-called concrete vocabulary, which includes the constituents of LSF Metal, has not been thoroughly investigated, particularly in the English language fiction, which determines the relevance of this work. Based on the above, we made an attempt to study a literary text in order to research the functional peculiarities of LSF Metal and to single out thematic group Metal by continuous sampling of lexical units belonging to semantic field metal. The material of this study is based on a selection of samples from short story All Gold Canyon by Jack London. Thematic group Metal was singled out through continuous sampling of the text. The constituents of the present thematic group were selected on the basis of the commonality of content and are represented by the following nominations: gold, golden, gold-pan, golden speck, golden herd, gold-bearing dirt, golden dust, golden stream, virgin gold, trace, chunk of gold, uprooted gold, heart of the gold, colors, metal, steel, iron- fillings, nails. A total of 18 constituents of the thematic group were singled out. The nominations occur in the text 79 times. Gold mining is symbolically represented as the abuse of nature. In the analyzed text we singled out two oppositional artistic concepts: MAN VS METAL; and MAN VS NATURE, where Man shows love and affection for a precious metal while being associated with a destructive force in relation to nature. The study helped to single out thematic group Metal, where nomination gold was selected as the center of the group since it is the most recurrent of all the registered nominations. The analysis of all the cases of nominations of metal in the literary text helps to determine that the constituents of LSF Metal function in such areas as: the description of emotional state; the description of natural phenomena and the direct nomination of various metals.

The article is dedicated to the study of the structure of the lexical semantic field “gesticulation” in the explanatory dictionaries of the English language. The article deals with semiotic aspect of correlation of verbal and paraverbal codes in human communication. Verbalization of a kineme has been studied. In modern linguistics, one of the most common approaches to the study of vocabulary is the method of field modeling. Field theory indicates the systematic organization of the entire lexical system. The lexical-semantic field is characterized by a number of systemic features both in the synchronous aspect (the semantic correlation of lexemes, the presence of hyponyms and hyperonyms), and in the diachronic aspect (a certain set of repeatedly implemented motivational models, repeatability of word-formation models, repeatability of producing etymological nests generating field vocabulary). The research material was a selection of 5 dictionaries of modern English. All components of the specified field are in hypo-hyperonymic relationships with the key unit of the field, namely with the nomination gesture. Kineme is treated as a proto-sign, which semantic structure comprises three obligatory semantic knots, i. e. “what is moving”, “how it is moving”, “what for it is moving”. Lexicographically registered verbal kinemes constitute language lexico-semantic field “gesticulation”. The first two knots reflect the formal component of the protosign (gesture kinetics), and the third knot reflects the semantic component of the kineme (meaning of the gesture). Nuclear-peripheral structure of the field in the language subordinates to the semantic principle of hyper-hyponymical relations among its constituents. The prospect of further research is the analysis of the functioning of this lexical semantic field in the artistic discourse.