Synergistic photocatalytic stabilization: Biohybrid lignin-ZnO nanocomposites for enhanced UV protection of octocrylene and avobenzone systems.

Transport of emerging organic ultraviolet (UV) filters in ceramic membranes: Role of polyethylene (PE) microplastics

Organic UV filters in indoor dust and human urine: A study of characteristics, sources, associations and human exposure

Organic UV filters in personal care products in Switzerland: A survey of occurrence and concentrations

Sequentially adsorbed multilayers composed of sodium lignosulfonate (SL) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC) were built up by a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique to investigate the adsorption characteristics of SL microgels for sensitivity improvement. The effect of molecular weight on the adsorption characteristics was investigated by light scattering, UV-visible spectroscopy, ellipsometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements. Results show that the self-assembly of SL microgels and PDAC is not mainly driven by electrostatic interaction but by cation-π interaction and hydrophobic interaction. The Coulomb interaction in SL microgels causes a "slow mode" peak in dynamic light scattering measurement, but it can be completely suppressed when SL is dissolved in 1.2 mol/L NaCl solutions due to charge-screening. The SL in 1.2 mol/L NaCl solutions can be well adsorbed on a PDAC surface, indicating that the electrostatic interaction is not the main driving force. The presence of cation-π interaction between SL and PDAC is detected by a stoichiometric ratio of SL to PDAC in SL/PDAC self-assembled films. During SL/PDAC self-assembly, hydrophobic interaction plays an important role in determining the adsorption rate, film thickness, surface morphology, and surface properties. SL with a higher M(w) has a stronger hydrophobic ability in water, so it exhibits a slower adsorption rate, a larger film thickness, and a higher film roughness. SL with different M(w) has almost the same wettability because of a larger hydrophobic effect that increases contact angle and a higher film roughness that decreases contact angle. In this case, the opposite effects cancel each other to make no difference in wettability, but it still reflects the role of the hydrophobic effect in surface properties.

Sunscreens and other personal care products use organic ultraviolet (UV) filters such as oxybenzone, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, Padimate-O, and octyl methoxycinnamate to prevent damage to human skin. While these compounds are effective at preventing sunburn, they have a demonstrated negative effect on cells and tissues across taxonomic levels. These compounds have a relatively short half-life in seawater but are continuously re-introduced via recreational activities and wastewater discharge, making them environmentally persistent. Because of this, testing seawater samples for the presence of these compounds may not be reflective of their abundance in the environment. Bioaccumulation of organic ultraviolet filters in a high-trophic level predator may provide greater insight to the presence and persistence of these compounds. To address this, the present study collected seawater samples as well as muscle and stomach content samples from the invasive Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the nearshore waters of Grenada, West Indies to examine the use of lionfish as potential bioindicator species. Seawater and lionfish samples were collected at four sites that are near point sources of wastewater discharge and that receive a high number of visitors each year. Samples were tested for the presence and concentrations of oxybenzone, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), Padimate-O, and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oxybenzone residues were detected in 60% of seawater samples and OMC residues were detected in 20% of seawater samples. Seawater samples collected in the surface waters near Grenada’s main beach had oxybenzone concentrations more than ten times higher than seawater samples collected in less frequently visited areas and the highest prevalence of UV filters in lionfish. Residues of oxybenzone were detected in 35% of lionfish muscle and 4-MBC residues were detected in 12% of lionfish muscle. Padimate-O was not detected in either seawater or lionfish samples. No organic UV filters were detected in lionfish stomach contents. Histopathologic examination of lionfish demonstrated no significant findings attributed to UV filter toxicity. These findings report UV filter residue levels for the first time in inshore waters in Grenada. Results indicate that lionfish may be bioaccumulating residues and may be a useful sentinel model for monitoring organic ultraviolet filters in the Caribbean Sea.

Exploring environmental obesogenous effects of organic ultraviolet filters on children from a case-control study

Organic UV filters exposure induces the production of inflammatory cytokines in human macrophages

Organic UV filters and their photodegradates, metabolites and disinfection by-products in the aquatic environment

Occurrence and bioconcentration of organic UV filters in primary marine consumers

Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in sunscreens and other personal-care products to protect against harmful effects of exposure to UV solar radiation. Little is known about the fate of UV filters in seawater swimming pools disinfected with chlorine. The present study investigated the occurrence and fate of five commonly used organic UV filters, namely dioxybenzone, oxybenzone, avobenzone, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, and octocrylene, in chlorinated seawater swimming pools. Pool samples were collected to monitor the variation of UV filter concentrations during pool opening hours. Furthermore, laboratory-controlled chlorination experiments were conducted in seawater spiked with UV filters to investigate the reactivity of UV filters. Extracts of chlorination reaction samples were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry and electron-capture detection to identify the potentially formed byproducts. In the collected pool samples, all the UV filters except dioxybenzone were detected. Chlorination reactions showed that only octocrylene was stable in chlorinated seawater. The four reactive UV filters generated brominated transformation products and disinfection byproducts. This formation of brominated products resulted from reactions between the reactive UV filters and bromine, which is formed rapidly when chlorine is added to seawater. Based on the identified byproducts, the transformation pathways of the reactive UV filters were proposed for the first time. Bromoform was generated by all the reactive UV filters at different yields. Bromal hydrate was also detected as one of the byproducts generated by oxybenzone and dioxybenzone.

Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters such as cinnamates, benzophenones, p-aminobenzoic derivatives, and avobenzone (which have well-established and recognized UV-filtering efficacies) are employed in cosmetic/pharmaceutical products to minimize the harm caused by exposure of the skin to sunlight. In this study, a detailed investigation of the photostability and tautomerism mechanisms of avobenzone was performed utilizing DFT methods. The UV spectral profile of avobenzone was also simulated, and the results showed good agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, the calculations were able to distinguish tautomers and photoisomers of the studied organic filter based on their properties, thus showing the potential to develop new organic UV filters. Graphical Abstract Theoretical studies of avobenzone and its tautomers by TD-DFT.

To improve the application range of waterborne polyurethane (WPU), in this study, nano calcium carbonate/sodium lignosulfonate (CaCO3/SL) composites were prepared using sodium lignosulfonate (SL) wet‐modified calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Then, a series of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) nanocomposites (WPU‐CaCO3/SL) were prepared by solution mixing. Zeta, FT‐IR, XRD, SEM, and TGA were used to characterize the structure and morphology of CaCO3/SL and WPU‐CaCO3/SL. By conducting an analysis on the impact of various dosages of CaCO3/SL composite on the performance of WPU, the findings revealed that the tensile strength of WPU‐CaCO3/SL nanocomposites, when composed with a 3 wt% CaCO3/SL dosage, exhibited a significant increase of 116% from 6.93 to 14.95 mPa. The water contact angle demonstrated a significant increase from 78.3° to 90.1°. Additionally, the maximum decomposition temperature showed a noticeable rise of approximately 7°C. The WPU exhibit enhanced heat resistance, water resistance and mechanical properties, as well as exceptional ultraviolet (UV) absorption capabilities. This study provides a reference for modifying polymers with inorganic fillers and improving the optical properties of polymeric materials.Highlights Successful modification of nano calcium carbonate using biopolymer SL. Modified CaCO3/SL can be uniformly dispersed in water. Improved thermal stability of WPU composites. WPU composites exhibit excellent mechanical properties and water resistance. Well‐dispersed CaCO3/SL improves ultraviolet radiation resistance of WPU composites.

Toxicological effects of two organic ultraviolet filters and a related commercial sunscreen product in adult corals

A new 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ionic liquid based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction for the determination of organic ultraviolet filters in environmental water samples

Occurrence and environmental hazard of organic UV filters in seawater and wastewater from Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands, Spain)