Abstract
Oxidative stress triggers a lethal cascade, leading to Parkinson’s disease by causing degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. In this study, eight antioxidants were screened for their neuroprotective effect on PC12 cells (pheochromocytoma cell line) under oxidative stress induced by salsolinol (OSibS). Hydroxytyrosol was found to be the strongest neuroprotective agent; it improved viability of PC12 cells by up to 81.69% under OSibS. Afterward, two synaptic vesicle proteins, synapsin-1 and septin-5, were screened for their neuroprotective role; the overexpression of synapsin-1 and the downregulation of septin-5 separately improved the viability of PC12 cells by up to 71.17% and 67.00%, respectively, compared to PC12 cells only treated with salsolinol (PoTwS) under OSibS. Subsequently, the PC12+syn++sep− cell line was constructed and pretreated with 100 µM hydroxytyrosol, which improved its cell viability by up to 99.03% and led to 14.71- and 6.37-fold reductions in the levels of MDA and H2O2, respectively, and 6.8-, 12.97-, 10.57-, and 7.57-fold increases in the activity of catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, respectively, compared to PoTwS under OSibS. Finally, alcohol dehydrogenase-6 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was expressed in PC12+syn++sep− cells to convert 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (an endogenous neurotoxin) into hydroxytyrosol. The PC12+syn++sep−+ADH6+ cell line also led to 22.38- and 12.33-fold decreases in the production of MDA and H2O2, respectively, and 7.15-, 13.93-, 12.08-, and 8.11-fold improvements in the activity of catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, respectively, compared to PoTwS under OSibS. Herein, we report the endogenous production of a powerful antioxidant, hydroxytyrosol, from 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, and evaluate its synergistic neuroprotective effect, along with synapsin-1 and septin-5, on PC12 cells under OSibS.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurological syndrome; it inflicts a heavy financial burden on the global health system every year [1,2,3,4]
PC12 cells pretreated with liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, naringenin, hydroxytyrosol, p-Coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, and tyrosol at doses of 50, 50, 10, 100, 100, 50, 100, and
The results demonstrate that the activity of CAT, GSH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was decreased 2.81, 3.20, 4.14, and 6.64-fold, respectively, in PC12 cells only treated with salsolinol (PoTwS) cells compared to PC12 cells under oxidative stress induced by salsolinol (OSibS) (Figure 4)
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurological syndrome; it inflicts a heavy financial burden on the global health system every year [1,2,3,4]. Several studies have reported that oxidative stress (OS) initiates neuroinflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synaptic dysfunction, which results in the onset of PD [11,12]
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