Symmetric Bis-benzimidazoles Are Potent Anti-Staphylococcal Agents with Dual Inhibitory Mechanisms against DNA Gyrase

Abstract

Various bis-benzimidazole derivatives have been reported to possess activity against Gram-positive pathogens. No mechanism of action has been elucidated to fully account for the antibacterial activity of this class of compounds. A group of symmetric bis-benzimidazoles (BBZ) designed as anticancer agents have previously been shown to possess moderate antiproliferative activity. We sought to assess the antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of BBZ compounds against Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activities were assessed by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), time-kill curves, and scanning electron microscopy. Transcriptional responses to BBZ treatment were determined using whole genome microarrays. Activities against bacterial type II topoisomerases were investigated using in vitro supercoiling, decatenation, DNA binding, and DNA cleavage inhibition assays. MICs for EMRSA-16 were between 0.03 and 0.5 μg/mL. The compounds showed concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and induced cell swelling and lysis. Transcriptional responses to BBZ were consistent with topoisomerase inhibition and DNA damage. A subset of BBZ compounds inhibited S. aureus DNA gyrase supercoiling activity with IC(50) values in the range of 5-10 μM. This inhibition was subsequently shown to operate through both inhibition of binding of DNA gyrase to DNA and accumulation of single-stranded DNA breaks. We conclude that BBZ compounds are potent anti-staphylococcal agents and operate at least in part through DNA gyrase inhibition, leading to the accumulation of single-stranded DNA breaks, and by preventing the binding of gyrase to DNA.