Symbolic Power and the Discursive Construction of Obedience: Media Representations of Kiai–Santri Relations in the Context of Bida’ah Series

This research was conducted to identify the Islamic Boarding School leadership typology. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies were analyzed through the stages of data condensation, data presentation, and verification/conclusion. The research results show that Islamic Boarding School has a strategic role in traditional Islamic education in Aceh, but still faces challenges in developing human resources, especially regarding recruitment, competency and welfare of its teaching staff. Islamic Boarding School has made several efforts to improve the competence of educators, including through the yellow book teaching program for level IX students who are teachers, joint studies between abu and ummi to increase competence, as well as regular religious formation. The proposed recommendations are the need to improve the quality of teaching of the yellow book, develop training and self-development programs for educators, as well as providing awards that motivate educators to improve the quality of education in Islamic Boarding School.

This research aimed to identify efforts to improve the competence of educators (teungku/guree) at Dayah Darul Huda Lueng Angen, North Aceh Regency. The research method used was a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis, which were analyzed through data condensation, data display, and verification/conclusion stages. The results showed that Dayah Darul Huda Lueng Angen plays a strategic role in traditional Islamic education in Aceh but still faces challenges in human resource development, especially in recruitment, competence, and the welfare of its educators. Dayah Darul Huda Lueng Angen has made several efforts to improve the competence of educators, including a program for teaching the "kitab kuning" to ninth-grade students who then become teachers, joint studies between Abu and Ummi to enhance competence, and regular religious guidance. The recommended actions include enhancing the quality of teaching the "kitab kuning," developing training programs and self-development for educators, and providing awards to motivate educators to enhance the quality of education at Dayah Darul Huda Lueng Angen.

Critical thinking skills, often referred to as higher-order cognitive skills, are considered important for the Religious Culture and Ethics Course due to gains such as pupils’ taking responsibility of their own learning, actively constructing knowledge, supporting the development of other high-level thinking skills such as reflective and creative thinking. As students’ critical and inquiring thinking skills increase, they can also develop a number of related skills, such as the ability to explain issues in more detail, evaluate learning topics in relation to their own lives, become aware of different perspectives on problem situations, and question the reliability of information resources. One of the effective approaches for pupils to acquire critical thinking, inquiry and questioning skills is the 'Philosophy for Children' approach, which was developed by Matthew Lipman in the early 1970s’ and has been applied in many countries, for different school subjects since then. The main aim of this approach is to develop students' thinking and reasoning skills through philosophical discussions in the classroom. The 'Philosophy for Children' model stands out as an effective approach in religious education by creating dialogic and collaborative teaching-learning environments, encouraging students to inquire and question, and developing critical and reflective thinking skills. In our country, Religious Culture and Ethics Course curriculum, which highly considers inquiry and questioning in learning, aims to ensure that students learn by making sense of the content and using high-level thinking processes. Instead of a traditional, teacher-centred and rote religious education, it is aimed for students to become learner agents who inquire, question, strive to reach the source of knowledge, and actively construct knowledge. Therefore, Religious Culture and Ethics course requires teachers to use strategies, methods and techniques that enable students to develop and use high-level thinking processes. ‘Philosophy for Children’ approach has also been used in religious education in England and in Islamic religious as well as ethic courses in Malaysia. The studies undertaken in these countries have provided important contributions to students' active participation in the lessons, development of critical thinking and reasoning skills, self-confidence, self-esteem and social relations. This study is a literature review examining the theoretical foundations of the 'Philosophy for Children' approach, its application and evaluation processes, as well as its use in religious education by looking into both international and national literature. The aim of the study is to examine the 'Philosophy for Children' approach, which is thought to be useful in developing effective learning skills such as inquiry, questioning, problem solving and critical thinking related to concepts and problems of religion and morality in the primary and secondary Religious Culture and Ethics Course curriculum. Besides recommendations and implications are made for this course.

This research was conducted to analyze the profile of students' critical thinking abilities and the application of HOTS-based LKPD in elementary school science learning. The research method is descriptive preliminary research and does not test the hypothesis with a sample of 20 elementary school students in Magetan, East Java. Data collection techniques used critical thinking skills tests, student response surveys, and teacher interviews whose data results will be analyzed descriptively qualitatively. Based on the results of the research, it was found that 1) students' critical thinking skills were in the low and medium categories. 14 students in the low category, 6 students in the medium category and none of the students in the high category; 2) The lowest indicator of critical thinking skills is evaluation; 3) Teachers still use lecture methods and conventional teaching materials during learning; 4) Implementation of HOTS-based LKPD is expected to improve students' critical thinking skills in science lessons. It can be concluded that students' critical thinking skills are still low, so it is necessary to increase students' critical thinking skills by implementing HOTS-based worksheets.

This article addresses a general problem in media sociology – how to understand the media both as an internal production process and as a general frame for categorizing the social world, with specific reference to a version of this problem in recent work on media within Bourdieu’s field-based tradition of research (work previously reviewed by Rodney Benson in Theory and Society28). It argues that certain problems arise in reconciling this work’s detailed explanations of the media field’s internal workings (and the interrelations of that field’s workings to the workings of other fields) and general claims made about the “symbolic power” of media in a broader sense. These problems can be solved, the author argues, by adopting the concept of meta-capital developed by Bourdieu himself in his late work on the state, and returning to the wider framework of symbolic system and symbolic power that was important in Bourdieu’s social theory before it became dominated by field theory. Media, it is proposed, have meta-capital over the rules of play, and the definition of capital (especially symbolic capital), that operate within a wide range of contemporary fields of production. This level of explanation needs to be added to specific accounts of the detailed workings of the media field. The conclusion points to questions for further work, including on the state’s relative strength and the media’s meta-capital that must be carried out through detailed empirical work on a global comparative basis.

This article addresses a general problem in media sociology – how to understand the media both as an internal production process and as a general frame for categorizing the social world, with specific reference to a version of this problem in recent work on media within Bourdieu’s field-based tradition of research (work previously reviewed by Rodney Benson in Theory and Society28). It argues that certain problems arise in reconciling this work’s detailed explanations of the media field’s internal workings (and the interrelations of that field’s workings to the workings of other fields) and general claims made about the “symbolic power” of media in a broader sense. These problems can be solved, the author argues, by adopting the concept of meta-capital developed by Bourdieu himself in his late work on the state, and returning to the wider framework of symbolic system and symbolic power that was important in Bourdieu’s social theory before it became dominated by field theory. Media, it is proposed, have meta-capital over the rules of play, and the definition of capital (especially symbolic capital), that operate within a wide range of contemporary fields of production. This level of explanation needs to be added to specific accounts of the detailed workings of the media field. The conclusion points to questions for further work, including on the state’s relative strength and the media’s meta-capital that must be carried out through detailed empirical work on a global comparative basis.

Electromagnetic induction is one of the physics topics that is considered difficult. Research shows that students' critical thinking skills on this topic are weak. This study aims to determine the profile of high school students' critical thinking skills on this topic. The research method used is non-experimental quantitative descriptive research with a descriptive research form. Data were collected using essay test. The research sample was 22 students in 12th grade who had studied the topic of electromagnetic induction in one of the high schools in East Java, Indonesia. The sampling technique used is convenience sampling. The instrument used is in the form of a test named electromagnetic induction critical thinking skills instrument. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results of the study showed that students' critical thinking skills are relatively low. Therefore, in learning, methods, models, and media are needed to help students improve their critical thinking skills.

The ability to think critically is included in one of the 21st-century skills students need to have. However, sometimes students have difficulty applying their critical thinking skills while facing a physics problem. Therefore, this research aims to determine students’ critical thinking skills in physics learning, especially in magnetic field subjects. This research method is a preliminary study with a sample of 58 high school students in Sidoarjo, East Java. Data collection techniques by sharing critical thinking skills tests and student response surveys. Then the data is analyzed using qualitative description to represent the research results. The research findings are that students have an average critical thinking ability score of 1.023 or are on low criteria. In more detail, six students have a moderate level of critical thinking ability, while 52 students have a low level. Therefore, the low ability to think critically becomes an urgent problem and needs to be solved immediately. Furthermore, there needs to be innovation to overcome these problems, one of which is to use the AR-integrated game application “Adventuring Physics.” These games are necessary to improve students’ critical thinking skills in physics, especially magnetic field subjects.

The problem and the aim of the study. The underlying issue of this study is that although critical thinking skills are widely recognized as important in education, understanding how students demonstrate critical thinking dispositions such as confidence in reasoning and inquisitiveness based on their cognitive styles remains limited. Students with different cognitive styles, such as field-independent (FI) and field-dependent (FD), tend to exhibit varying levels of critical thinking abilities when faced with complex problems, particularly in the context of mathematical problem-solving.The purpose of this study is to describe students' critical thinking dispositions in the aspects of Confidence in Reasoning and Inquisitive in terms of cognitive style. The underlying problem of this study is that although the importance of critical thinking skills is widely recognized in education, how students demonstrate critical thinking dispositions such as confidence in reasoning and inquisitiveness based on their cognitive styles remains poorly understood. Students with different cognitive styles, such as field-independent (FI) and field-dependent (FD), may exhibit varying levels of critical thinking abilities when faced with complex problems, particularly in the context of mathematical problem-solving. This study aims to explore how students with different cognitive styles exhibit their critical thinking dispositions, specifically in terms of confidence in reasoning and inquisitiveness, to provide deeper insights into the role of cognitive styles in fostering critical thinking skills among students. Research methods. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method that focuses on two students with high mathematical abilities with field-independent (FI) and field-dependent (FD) cognitive styles, who were selected from a total of 30 participants. Their mathematical abilities were assessed through a mathematical ability test, while their cognitive styles were identified as field-independent (FI) and field-dependent (FD) using the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). This study involves six main stages, namely 1) selection of research subjects; 2) problem-solving tasks; 3) observation and video recording; 4) in-depth interviews; 5) analysis of critical thinking dispositions; and 6) summarizing the results of the analysis. KEYWORDS Results. The results of the FI student analysis showed quite strong confidence in reasoning by following mathematical steps to solve problems systematically. However, the inquisitive aspect of critical thinking still needs to be improved because students do not question or explore alternatives to solve problems. Although students are able to solve problems, the ability to question assumptions, verify results, and explore different approaches still needs to be developed so that their critical thinking is more comprehensive. The results of the FD student analysis showed reasonable Confidence in Reasoning, with confidence in every step of the calculation carried out. However, the Inquisitive aspect of critical thinking is still underdeveloped because there is no attempt to question, re-analyze, or consider alternatives in the problem-solving process. To strengthen their critical thinking disposition, students need to be encouraged to be more reflective and critical of every step taken, question the assumptions made, and explore various possible solutions to problems. In conclusion, Students show quite strong Confidence in Reasoning by applying mathematical calculation steps systematically and precisely to solve problems. However, the Inquisitive aspect of critical thinking is still underdeveloped because students do not question or explore alternatives in their problem-solving process. They tend to follow procedures without verifying or re-checking the results, which are essential aspects of critical thinking. Encouraging students to be more reflective and explorative in every step taken can help strengthen their critical thinking disposition.

In its history, the traces of the development of education in Indonesia have various variants, systems and patterns. One of them is traditional Islamic education. The entry of Islam into Indonesia has given its own color and style to the national education system, in addition to pre-academic, Hindu-Buddhist, Dutch and Japanese colonial education. In Islamic education there is a system of work on how education is run. This paper aims to : (1) know what is the Islamic education, (2) research more how is the portrait of the traditional Islamic education system in Indonesia, and (3) as well as to know how are the differences between traditional Islamic education with modern Islamic education. This study uses a historical method where the author collects various primary and secondary sources both archives, books, journals and other relevant sources. The results of this study indicate that Islamic education is education organized by people or Islamic institutions with a system and curriculum based on Islam (Al Quran and As Sunnah). There are special characteristics about the traditional Islamic education system in Indonesia that are different from the modern Islamic education system. These special characteristics can be seen at least from six aspects that consist of place of teaching, teaching methods, curriculum, orientation, management of institutions, and education funding systems.

The purpose of this study is to examine the dynamics of students’ critical and metacognitive thinking skills, and their contribution to achieving the success of high school students’ Indonesian learning. This study uses a quantitative approach with a correlational design. The population of this study were students of class X SMA Negeri in East Java, with cluster random sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaire filling techniques and summative score scores, namely the results of students’ final semester exams. The data were analyzed using bivariate analysis and multivariate correlation techniques, which were used to determine the close relationship between the three variables and to determine the direction of the relationship. The results of this study found that there was a dynamic of students’ critical thinking and metacognitive abilities ranging from the lowest score of 65 to the highest score of 92 for critical thinking ability, and the lowest score of 60 to the highest score of 93. The results of the analysis showed that the significance value of 2- tailed critical thinking and metacognitive abilities, critical thinking and metacognitive skills, critical thinking skills and learning outcomes critical thinking skills and learning outcomes, metacognitive abilities and learning outcomes 0.000 < 0.05, and 2-tailed significance value critical thinking skills, metacognitive and outcomes learning is 0.000 < 0.05, so there is a correlation between critical thinking skills, metacognitive and learning outcomes.

Tourism in East Java shows an increasingly dynamic trend, with the emergence of a combination of heritage tourism attractions and modern leisure concepts. The Old City of Surabaya as an urban heritage area holds strong historical potential, while Blyss Cafe in Batu, Malang, represents a leisure tourism lifestyle that is popular with the younger generation. This study aims to explore and compare the attractions of the two locations in the context of destination development and East Java tourism branding strategies. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques through direct observation, in-depth interviews with managers and visitors, and analysis of visual documentation and related literature. The research findings show that the Old City of Surabaya has strengths in historical value and cultural narratives, while Blyss Cafe excels in presenting an aesthetic atmosphere, comfort, and leisure experiences that attract millennial tourists. Although different in character, both play an important role in shaping a diverse and inclusive destination image. In conclusion, the integration of heritage tourism and modern leisure can be an effective destination branding strategy, by targeting a wider tourist segment while enriching the East Java tourism portfolio.

Traditional education is one of the treasures of traditional Islamic education in the archipelago. Langgar was one of the centers of traditional Islamic education in Indonesia before the development of pesantren. This study seeks to present traditional education in the context of Madurese society in Jember. This research was conducted in Langgar Nurul Huda in Kemuning Lor village, Panti District. The research method used is ethnographic, with in-depth interviews with kiai langgar, santri and santri parents. The results showed that the Madurese ethnic community in Jember showed a hybrid society through various cultural expressions in language, symbols, and art. The learning model used in Langgar Nurul Huda seems to provide "cultural communication" that this Langgar is a Langgar that has a Madurean identity; this can be seen from Langgar's various activities. Langgar's traditional education model in Langgar Nurul Huda shows Madurese's identity through language expressions and cultural symbols. The categorization of ethnicity in this study is understood as the habitus of Madurese people formed through the representation of Langgar, the expression of identity "kemaduraan" (Madurese Identity) reflected in the identification of models and learning patterns. The learning style is Pal-apalan, (memorize) Ca'beca'an. (reading), and Ngajhi (recite). It shows how Madurese people in Jember identify their ethnic identity through the distinctive Langgar traditional learning model.

This study aims to examine Imam Az-Zarnuji's views on the obligations and rights of students in the context of the book "Ta'lim Muta'allim" and evaluate its relevance in modern education. The main focus of this research is to understand how traditional Islamic education principles can be applied to overcome the challenges faced in the contemporary education system. The research method used is an in-depth literature review method to collect and analyze data through qualitative text analysis, where the main data is obtained from an in-depth reading of the book "Ta'lim Muta'allim" and is complemented by secondary data from relevant literature. The analysis process involves identifying key themes, such as sincere learning intentions, manners and ethics, consistency in learning, and the right to a fair and inclusive education. The results of the study show that the principles proposed by Az-Zarnuji, such as the importance of sincere intention in pursuing knowledge, respect for teachers, and diligent effort, have strong relevance to modern educational values that emphasize character development and intrinsic motivation. The novelty of this research lies in the interdisciplinary approach that connects the concept of traditional Islamic education with modern educational practices and theories, which has not been widely discussed in previous studies. Thus, this research makes a significant contribution in understanding how the integration between traditional and modern education can improve the quality of education and holistic student development. Keywords: Obligations; Rights; Student; Ta'lim Muta'allim.

Traditional Islamic education, particularly through pesantren, has a rich and important history in the development of Islam in Indonesia since the 7th century AD. Its role is significant in preserving religious identity, advancing knowledge, maintaining the Arabic language, strengthening morality, and perpetuating Islamic culture. The main principles of traditional Islamic education curriculum include monotheism (tauhid), the Quran and Sunnah, religious knowledge, character formation, practical skills, contextualization, and personality development. This research employs literature method and qualitative approach by gathering data from various sources such as books, journals, and digital sources. This allows for a deeper understanding of effective teaching methods including student-centered approaches, experiential learning, technology utilization, and collaboration. The integration of spiritual and intellectual development creates balanced and conscious individuals. Adapting traditional practices into modern education combines cultural values with relevant technology. Preserving the essence of traditional Islamic education in the present era requires deep understanding, integration with modern science, engaged learning, character education, cultural preservation, and teacher development. Thus, traditional Islamic education remains relevant and beneficial for the development of better individuals and society.