Symbolic Migration: Howard Wing and the Media Politics of National Belonging, 1936 and 1948

Prior research efforts have investigated distinct athletic, national, and racial identities in athletes, but there remains a need to connect these bodies of knowledge. This study asks: how do athletes who belong to a racial minority in their country negotiate their racial, national, and athletic identities when representing their country in international competition? To explore possible answers, I analyzed oral history interviews with Black members of the U.S. Men’s Kabaddi Team about their experiences at the 2016 Kabaddi World Cup in Ahmedabad, India. This study provides insight into the experiences and perceptions of Black athletes representing the U.S. on a world stage during a period in which many Black Americans felt especially oppressed and threatened by structures of power in the U.S.

National narrative is a modern political view that still preserves its ideological effect today. Ideologies, frequently, utilize means of communication, particularly the motion pictures, in order to stimulate and canalize the society’s reflexes on the thought process. Cinematic narratives, by means of the clichés that it enriches, on one hand feed the prejudices and on the other, are fed by these prejudices. In this regard, the memory trajectories, which will shape the societal structuring and national identity, sometimes on the grounds of reality and on other occasions, of fiction, with the stereotypes in the stories of the movies, are formed. National narrative and national identity can ensure continuity so long as such are commonized, interchanged and regenerated within the scope of daily life practices. The images, which form the national narrative and/or national identity, are constituted on the basis of societal gender and incorporate feminine contents rather than a masculine hegemony. Thus, it can be enunciated that national narrative constructs a gender-oriented organizational form, which aims to transform social equalities, national identity, national superiority and national power into a resource. In this context, the approaches by FloyaAnthias and Nira Yuval-Davis on the roles assigned to women within the national narratives establish the core feature of this study in order to analyze the codes on feminine contents leaked into the daily life practices. The aim of this study is to reveal by comparison of movies, which are the productions of two different countries, Son Mektup (2015) by ÖzhanEren, ÇanakkaleYolunSonu (2013) by SerdarAkar and Çanakkale 1915 (2012) by YeşimSezgin, all of which were shot following the year of 2000, the contribution of these movies on the Turkish nationalism discourse, how the national narrative was rebuilt by means of the femininity construct and what is the effect of societal gender roles within the transformation process of identities situated by the image repertoires into national identities.

This study examines the Uyghur diaspora's perception of the name Xinjiang ‘新疆’ and adebates within China regarding a possible change to the region’s name. In 1884, the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) renamed East Turkestan “Xinjiang” to assert Chinese sovereignty and legitimize it. The name “Xinjiang,” meaning “New Frontier” or “New Territory,” implies that the region was newly incorporated into Chinese territory, which Uyghur Turks and the Uyghur diaspora view as neglecting their historical, political, and cultural identities. They reject the term "Xinjiang" as offensive and instead use “East Turkestan” as a way to resist China's domination and affirm their identity. Recent debates in Chinese media and academia about renaming “Xinjiang” reflect concerns that it implies a newly incorporated region, potentially weakening historical and cultural ties and allowing misuse by internal and external forces. There is also a belief that “Xinjiang” does not align with China’s national narrative and policies, particularly regarding concepts like “national Chinese consciousness.” Changing the name is seen as a way to better reflect and strengthen China's national identity and global strategic position, aligning with China’s historical, cultural, and strategic goals. The study examines the history, origin, and usage of “Xinjiang” based on Chinese sources, highlighting how the name has evolved and the impact of various policies on it. It then details the Uyghur diaspora's discomfort with the name due to historical and cultural reasons. The study discusses renaming "Xinjiang" in Chinese media and academia to align with China's national identity and strategic goals, suggesting it could enhance China's narrative and global stance.

In 'A Beijing Man in New York' (Beijingren zai Niuyue), China's popular 1993 tele-series, the protagonist Wang Qiming, a man on his way to making a fortune after a train of failures and betrayals, hires a New York prostitute. She is white, blonde and buxom. Wang decides to take some of his frustrations out on her. While thrusting himself onto the prostrate prostitute, Wang showers her with dollar bills. As the money swirls around the bed, Wang demands that she repeatedly cry out: 'I love you'. Reportedly, this was an extremely popular scene with mainland audiences, in particular with the Chinese intelligentsia.l It is also the type of

This study employs a pre-post survey design, engaging a purposive-convenience sample of 94 U.S. college athletes who participated in the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics across eight sports and 22 countries. Utilizing validated scales, participants’ group, national, and athletic identities were measured weeks before and after the event. Paired sample t-tests and a repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance were utilized to understand the effects of time and demographic variables on these identities. Results revealed that after competing in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, college athletes exhibited a significant decrease in their group identity and a significant increase in their national identity, while their athletic identity remained relatively unchanged. The results were qualified by student status interactions such that international students showed a significant decrease in group identity and a significant increase in national identity after competing in Tokyo 2020, with no significant changes observed in these identities for domestic students. The results illuminate a complex process of identity negotiation experienced by collegiate Olympic athletes that transition between Olympic and college sport environments. This study contributes to sport management literature by offering nuanced insights into the dynamics of role-switching, urging stakeholders to utilize these findings to enhance the experiences of college athletes.

The discipline of history has been traditionally associated with the construction of national identity. Since the eighteenth century, the whole discipline has been structured around the concept of nation, portraying a naturalized and romantic conception of nation and national identity. Romantic national narratives around the world were produced as a fundamental mediator for understanding history. However, in the late twentieth century, new approaches on nation and national identity began to address the national phenomenon as a social construction, challenging the established romantic conceptions. This modern disciplinary approach has constituted a profound revolution not only in producing history, but also in teaching and learning history. However, national narratives and national identities remain as catalytic conditions that in one hand, support a romantic conception of the own nation and national identity, and on the other hand difficult a historical understanding of these concepts. This chapter analyzes the role of these mediators in students’ historical understanding through two different studies. Both studies were conducted with Spanish students, but one addressing historical contents from Spain and the other from Greece. Dealing with a historical content of a foreign nation, in which students’ national identity is not involved, seems to enable a more disciplinary understanding of the historical content. The role of national identity and national narratives as key catalysts for romantic understanding of history is discussed.

This essay analyzes the interconnectivity of regional, political party, and national identities and their association with cultural hegemony. The 2004 Republican National Convention Keynote Address by Democratic Senator Zell Miller coupled with his book A National Party No More (2003) created an event that displays how the Southern regional narrative and its role in the national narrative reinforce a white hegemonic view of Southerners and “the South.” This analysis shows that Zell Miller's keynote address and book provided an opportunity for a renewed and more inclusive version of Southern and national identity. However, Miller, political party spokespeople, and media representatives never capitalized on the opportunity but, instead, further entrenched white hegemony into both regional and national identity narratives during the 2004 presidential campaign.

In Australia, questions surrounding national identity often feature in public discussions on asylum seekers. Using qualitative interview data collected from 40 participants in an ongoing study of young people in Queensland, we explore the connections between young people’s understandings of Australian national identity and their attitudes towards ‘boat people’. We identify distinct points of interconnection and disjuncture between participants’ notions of being ‘Australian’ and their thoughts on how Australia should respond to asylum seekers. With respect to the asylum seeker debate, we find narratives of Australian nationhood are flexible in interpretation and can serve contrasting and competing functions.

In this chapter, Karrouche focuses on the construction of a national narrative and identity in Morocco from independence onwards until the present day by investigating history textbooks. She explores, in particular, the tension between regional and local identities of Berber populations on the one hand and the Arab and Islamic identity of the Moroccan nation-state on the other. After scrutinizing the effects of French colonialism on the representation of Berber, Arab and Islamic identity, Karrouche analyzes the degree to which the Berbers have been incorporated in national history textbooks, and hence, national identity. In the final part of this chapter, she argues that the Moroccan national narrative has not been fully decolonized.

The article discusses the question why and how social psychologists should research the impact of having been the host of the World Cup for the Brazilian society. It will be argued that social psychologist should focus on changing national narratives, social representations and social imaginaries of being Brazilian. This approach should be related to research on collective action and collective emotions. Based on some qualitative projects conducted by the author in Germany and Brazil, the ambivalent character of modern national identity will be discussed. This ambivalence is grounded on different national narratives that are essential for the self-understanding of members from a nation. Hosting the World Cup has impacted on these fundamental narratives, already in anticipation of the event. Whereas expectations regarding the upcoming event were broadly skeptical and linked to fears, the experience of the event by itself included some positively attributed surprises. For some, the fearful view of “imagina na copa” turned into a proud “copa das copas” – though critics in regard to large spendings maintained. It can be assumed that having been the host of the World Cup, in the future will be embedded in national narratives and therefore will have impacts for Brazilian national identity. Keywords: national identity; national narratives; collective pride; collective action; ambivalence.

With the creation of global culture, promotion of global intercultural values lacking in individual economic, cultural and national narratives, the issues connected to the European and national identity, their interrelation and compatibility became more actual. There are opinions that globalization contributes to empowerment of national feelings, but also the opposite, on the basis of the argument that globalization as a cosmopolitan phenomenon is promoted at the expense of national identities. It is difficult to sublime all studies connecting national identity with education, ow- ing to the variety of topics, approaches, age groups, research methods etc. Notwithstanding the fact that there are significant theoretic observations, as well as numerous empirical research studies aimed at investigating the influence of educational content on the national identity of children and youth, it is evident that the study of national identity at school is a neglected research field of domestic researchers, especially pedagogists and creators of educational policies. Different starting points were established when considering the func- tion and role of English language learning in the development of students’ national identity. Numerous studies point out that English language learning primarily contributes to the promotion of global identity of supranational character, which does not deny the impor- tance of countries and nations, but does not place it in the content focus (Köroğlu & Elban 2020). Some authors perceive great possibilities of English language teaching regarding the development of national identity and acceptance of universal values. However, there are opinions pointing to the ideological concept of foreign language textbooks, thus promoting dominant culture and its values; observing English language and its negative impact on the national identity of non-English speaking individuals. On the basis of the argument that foreign language teaching may represent a signifi- cant resource for introducing national symbols of others, but also an excellent educational context for identification, knowledge and promotion of learners’ own identity, the textbooks of English as a foreign language were analyzed in the paper. More precisely, the results of the research performed in 2022 are presented in the paper, with the aim of determining the contribution of EFL textbooks in formation and empowerment of Serbian national identity of upper elementary school students. Subliming different starting points, national identity was operationalised in 12 categories: religion, customs and tradition, national feelings, lan- guage, symbols and features, solidarity and togetherness, cultural heritage, important people, geography terms, history, family and general information. The research was performed through the method of theoretic analysis and the method of content analysis. The units of analysis are: a) sentences of basic text in textbooks, b) sentences of additional informa- tive content and c) image content, g) exercises and tasks. The research included English language textbooks from three different publishers, for the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth grade of elementary school licensed in the Republic of Serbia (N = 12). The research results indicated that textbooks do not contribute to formation and empowerment of the national identity of elementary school students, especially with re- gards to all the discussed categories of national identity. It is implied that it is necessary to empower the national identity content and incorporate it more or less in all the themes, significantly enlarging the total share of the content of national identity of the students for whom the textbook is written. It is our opinion that it is necessary to actualize the issue of national identity rep- resentation in foreign language curicullum; to plan, project and standardize the proces of formation of the notion of national identity in all the three cycles of education, so the pub- lishers would be commited to better adaptation of textbook content to the Serbian market.

Hybridity, National Identity, and the Smartphone in the Contemporary Union of Myanmar

Fashioning a New Brand of "Germanness":The 2006 World Cup and Beyond Katrina Sark Since reunification, and particularly since the FIFA World Cup in Germany in 2006, Berlin city marketing, museum exhibitions, and displays of public art have all reflected a discourse on new national identity formations that previously could only be found in political media or academic discourses. Berlin's numerous marketing campaigns have restructured its image as an open city. Messages such as "be open, be free, be Berlin!" circulate throughout the city, encouraging its inhabitants and visitors to see Berlin in a new, creative, entrepreneurial, and liberal light. Leaving behind the negative stereotypes of its historical past, Berlin has been reinvented by politicians (Mayor Klaus Wowereit and the Berlin Senate), city planners, marketing strategists, filmmakers, and curators. Urban culture is in many ways propelled by public events and celebrations, like the 2006 FIFA World Cup or the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall (the Mauerfall) in November 2009. Not only high culture was given a boost: in the months leading up to the Mauerfall anniversary, most museums, galleries, and exhibition facilities offered some kind of display or presentation on the theme of the Wall. At the same time, pop culture, music, film, and fashion also played an active role in the international spotlight. Berlin city planners and marketers know how to navigate and steer public consciousness. Personal histories of the Wall were collected and retold. Collective, self-reflexive, and cultural contemplations took place on widely engaging public levels - artists, writers, politicians, and regular people became involved in public debates and contributed their points of view on reunification. This article will examine this path of collective national and civic identity construction in different cultural and medial spheres by looking at exhibition practices and urban branding campaigns. During the 2006 World Cup, the question of what and who constituted the new (reunited) Germany had been posed to an unprecedented degree (since reunification) across all spectrums of discourses. An exhibition at the German Historical Museum displayed artefacts from 1,000 years of German history - similar to the "What Is German" exhibition at the German National Museum in Nürnberg. A display of public art dedicated to German achievements in the arts and science guided the tourists along the "Walk of Ideas" past all the main tourist sites in Berlin. All these exhibitions and practices addressing "Germanness" placed the question of national identity on display. A similar spur to public contemplation of national identity swirled around the [End Page 254] celebrations of the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 2009. Events such as the U2 band's free concert at the Brandenburg Gate, various Wall-oriented exhibitions at almost all Berlin museums, film screenings, gallery exhibitions, art installations such as the Temporary Art Gallery at Schlossplatz in the shape of the former Palace of the Republic, and finally the spectacular fall of 1,000 domino pieces along the stretch of the former Wall from Potsdamer Platz to the Reichstag, all commemorated the beginning of a new chapter in German history. As studies on national identity and patriotism have shown, "the reunification of the two German States and the process of European integration into the European Union have given a new dimension to public discussions of German national identity" (Blank and Schmidt 289). Examining a variety of media discourses: authoritative and institutional, as well as journalistic discourses in the popular press, this article places the 2006 FIFA World Cup as a pivotal time in renegotiating Germany's public image. A first step is to differentiate between conceptions of national, social, and cultural identity. While national identity is usually tied to symbols of a particular nation that has been identified as an imagined community (Anderson 1991), social identity is a collective identity that can be tied to various societal subgroups within a national or transnational milieu. In the German context, the concept of cultural identity (tied to the term Kulturnation) is often prevalent because it allows for a collective identity to be based on shared values such as cultural heritage, language, and the literary, artistic, and scientific achievements of a nation (rather than militaristic nationalism). This...

The nation-state is regarded as the basic form of the modern state, but whether the modern state is really a “one nation, one country” type of political community as depicted by the nation-state narrative. This paper explores the influence of national narratives on national identity by constructing an evaluation index system, using a questionnaire survey method, and taking adolescents as the research object. The independent variables of this study are national narrative, including national language, national spirit and national memory, and the dependent variable is national identity, including cognitive tendency, emotional tendency and behavioral tendency. The weights of the indicators and regression results were calculated by AHP-entropy weighting method. The analysis results show that national vocabulary has a great influence on national language, while sense of belonging is the biggest factor affecting emotional tendency, and most of the dimensions of national narrative are positively correlated to national identity with a significant effect. The correlation coefficient between national etiquette and national identity is 0.203, and the correlation coefficient between national history and national identity is 0.254. National history and national etiquette have a significant effect on national identity.

The issue of linguistic creativity in Chinese mass media sources published in English is considered. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the English-language discourse of the Chinese mass media is studied as an independent culturally conditioned speech activity phenomenon that actualizes the cultural values of China and the civilizational values of the East. It is substantiated that linguistic creativity is realized in English texts through various forms of manifestation of Chinese national communicative identity: proverbs, allegories, analogies, hints, allusions, rooted in Chinese history, philosophy and folk experience. The updated concepts of proverbs emphasize the values of constant evolutionary movement on the principle of “movement in the still” and the values of collectivism, which are significant both in the country itself and in the region and the world. The collectivism peculiar to China determined the accentuation of the anti-value concepts of hegemony, shame, slander and humiliation. It has been proved that linguistic creativity in the Chinese media in English is also expressed in wordplay and word creation, if this contributes to a more effective presentation of China's position to the English-speaking audience and does not violate the principle of appropriateness. It has been established that in the Chinese English-language mass media, linguistic creativity is of a discursive-pragmatic nature, allows copying samples of linguistic creativity from English-language media and is supplemented with new associations and meanings in their own cultural context.