Sweetness or Mouthfeel: A corpus-based study of the conceptualization of taste

Quality of food is not easy to define since different working definitions can be formulated depending upon who is defining them and the level at which it is measured. One popular definition comes from a USDA Marketing Workshop Report cited by Gould (1977). It reads “the combination of attributes or characteristics of a product that have significance in determining the degree of acceptability of the product to a user”. Introducing the definition of the sensory quality, Galvez and Resurrection (1992) term as: “the acceptance of the perceived characteristics of a product by consumers who are the regular users of the product category or those who comprise the target market”. The way we perceive the characteristics of a food as well as beverage is fundamental not only for its conceptual quality but also for its acceptance. Steenkamp’s (1989) concept of perceived quality attempts to mediate between objective product characteristics and consumer preferences. It stresses that perceived quality may differ from objective quality because individual assessments of quality are personal and situational (Holm & Kildevang, 1996). Since perceived quality is an abstract construct and is of a multi-dimensional nature, the development of mesuration tool is a question of vital importance, for both researchers and practitioners. Astringency is an important sensory characteristic of food and beverages containing polyphenols. This mouthfeel is mainly due to the interactions of polyphenols with salivary proteins, causing complexes formation and their further precipitation, which leads to a reduction of the lubricating properties of saliva. As a consequence, sensations of dryness, hardness, and constriction are felt in the mouth. Wine astringency is generally estimated by tasting, which shows some difficulties in discerning among tastes, is labourious and time-spending and may be restricted to a limited number of samples. A method that is more objective as possible and that takes into account the multiperceptual phenomenon of astringency is the desired goal for many researchers. In addition, the possibility to evaluate the influence of both grape and wine phenolics, as well as factors and enological practices on astringency is a great challenge also for industry to manage wine quality.

(1991). Smedslundian Suburbs in the City of Language: The Case of Embarrassment. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 358-361.

Ancient India was a home for conceptual studies. More often than not, concepts were derived from the experiences of individuals. As most of the individual experiences come under the ambit of subjectivity, they perhaps lack the stamp of objectivity demanded by the modern science. Yet, potentially, many a times, subjective experiences of those individuals belonging to ancient India apparently form to be fragments of objective truths. It is in this context today that the empirical analysis of those concepts appears relevant and render meaningful. Every work of the ancients deemed as scriptures, proposed happiness as the primary aim of the self and also of the society. Alternatively, happiness can be also termed as self-sufficiency at the individual level and self-sustenance at the collective level. It is here that triguna played the role of a tool or an instrument to achieve the above mentioned individual and collective goals. There exists a thin blurring line of difference between the metaphysical concepts and psychological concepts of ancient India. Everything in the purview of triguna is psychological, whereas, a notch above triguna is metaphysical. This paper analyzes only the psychological relevance of the concept triguna . It also puts across the efforts as put in by the authors to standardize a Situation Sampling Methodology to examine the concept empirically. The tool consists of 25 life situations that are commonly experienced by people.

Bandung is the capital of the West Java province in Indonesia; the country's third largest city and second largest metropolitan area. I live and work in Bandung and see a great potential for the creative industries. The creative industries is already developing, but organically and can only manage to grow to a certain level. Further progress enabled by developing a better strategy needs to be put forward. The strategy also aimed to influence regional and national approach in developing the creative industries. This thesis is organized around three primary objectives which are (1) The history and current condition of the creative industries; (2) Issues in optimizing the development of the creative industries; and (3) Possible framework for development strategies. The research is informed by an analysis of empirical and conceptual studies from a whole set of subjects including the concept of creativity, creative industries, creative economies, the concept of creative cities and the relations of cultural industries to cultural policy. The research is based on a study of key players using surveys, case studies and in-depth interviews to obtain information and capture the knowledge, understanding, and experiences from the respondents regarding the creative industries in the city. The method is mainly influenced by subjective theories approach from Norbert Groeben (1990) to study and investigate everyday knowledge. The thesis concludes by revisiting the empirical findings from an analytical standpoint grounded on the reasoning and on the evidence presented. Concluding observation indicates that there are four key areas of strategies which are (1) Trust building; (2) Governance and engagement; (3) Physical evidence; and (4) The soft infrastructure. It is believed that not a single policy measure will be able to fully optimise the development of creative industries. Rather, a creative industries development strategy contains a collection of different elements.

Three distinct stages describe the technological evolution of a product over time: ferment, convergence on a dominant design and an era of incremental change. Until recently, the era of incremental change has been characterized as stable and one that involves low levels of technological innovation. However, recent studies have indicated that this era of incremental change may actually be quite disruptive. This raises the question as to which processes and mechanisms in new product development during the era of incremental change trigger high levels of innovation. First, this dissertation offers a conceptual study about how collaboration practices with suppliers characterized by a relatively high intensity shift the technological evolution away from the era of incremental change towards the stage of ferment. Second, a quantitative study of the medical technology industry in Europe reveals that involving suppliers in new product development during the era of incremental change may trigger technological novelties that are incorporated into new product architectures; A new product architecture shifts the technological evolution towards the era of ferment. According to the results of the second study, it appears that only by improving products based on established architectures are firms unable to innovate new technologies. Additionally, the stage of convergence on a dominant design has mainly been examined on the basis of technological convergence. However, a possible convergence on a dominant design away from the stage of ferment also involves a cognitive variable. Third, this study observes the cognitive variable while examining the nascent smartwatch market. Within a nascent market, firms within previously distinct domains compete with one another. Firms lack a better understanding of customer preferences and develop initial products based on assumptions that are rooted within their previous industry. This qualitative study illustrates that firms from the same prior industry conceptualize their products in a similar way with regard to nascent product features. Overall, this dissertation more deeply explores the product life-cycle of technological development, provides a better understanding of the dynamics during the era of incremental change, demonstrates how the technological life-cycle of a product may shift from one stage to the other and supplies additional explanations concerning how a dominant design may emerge out of the ferment stage of technological development.

The research is aimed to determine, examine, and analyze an Architectural Choreography of Hendro Martono and Baghawan Ciptoning’s Tamansari Mongso Rendheng (TMR) presented on 1 and 2 March 2003 in Tamansari Keraton Yogyakarta. Conceptual Study on Choreography of TMR is a qualitative research conducted on November – June 2006. Data collecting techniques employed in the research were interview, observation, documentary study, and literature study. Interview was conducted by directly asking questions to choreographers, artists, educational workers watching TMR, and the society around Tamansari. Observation was conducted by directly observing the TMR. Documentary study was regularly conducted through video record of TMR. Literature Study was conducted by reading documents relating TMR and literature on choreography. Results of the research show that: First, TMR choreography is an architectural choreography resulted by movement and sound exploration in a room of old building offering new discourse in efforts to fi ll and to bring to life ancient architecture through cultural behavior. Choreographic concept of TMR was conducted by observing Tamansari and its environment through choreography not only as entertainment, but also choreography as multifunction not only a dance performance but also a learning model for history, architecture, tourism, culture, sociology, and modern transformation. Second, the creation process of TMR included: experiencing, comprehending, imagining, implementing, and giving forms. TMR is divided into eight presentations of each repertoire as follow: 1) Gapura Panggung: photographs exhibition, 2) Gedong Sekawan: keroncong music, Glass Srimpi, Flamenco, Waltz, fl ash of past period, Dagelan Parikeno, 3) Umbul Binangun: Srimpen Lelumban, 4) Pasarean Ledhoksari: the servant’s (abdi) activities in well, Kamasutra, and Ngadi Sarira, 5) Gapura Agung: Isen-isene Jagad, 6) Kampung Taman: real life of the society, 7) Sumur Gumuling: Donga Joged, and 8) Urung-urung: self-contemplation of the on lookers after enjoying TMR. Keywords: Choreography, Architectural, Tamansari Environment, and Mangsa Rendheng

This conceptual and methodological study investigated the dynamics of teaching-learning interactions to contribute to the scholarship of teaching and learning holistically. It is situated in a higher education classroom environment for Accounting undergraduate students at a UK university. The purpose of the study was to provide practical information for tutors’ reflections in developing their approaches to the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) for future development of signature pedagogy in a challenge to its status quo. Acknowledging the multimodal nature of communication within the structural-agentic processes in teaching-learning interactions, the study combined selected perspectives from Symbolic Interactionism, Edusemiotics, and Multimodality to provide a communication “turn” for SoTL in recognition of a conceptual and methodological gap. A novel multimodal and edusemiotic analytical tool, Inquiry Graphics, was used for the first time in an Accounting study to analyse the fine level detail of video recordings of classroom teaching-learning interactions. This provides a rich landscape of insights for tutors’ understanding of the multimodal nature of communication, involving human and non-human objects, in developing their pedagogical practices. Data were also obtained from staff and student interviews and surveys about their interactions. Key themes emerged from the analysis regarding identity interactions, nonverbal mediations, and the form of teaching-learning engagements observed. Particular insights for tutor reflection on pedagogical practices were identified around physical infrastructures in classrooms, dialogic interactions and nonverbal communication that can take a future development within the field of socio-materiality of teaching-learning. The study further commented on the implications of using the IG analytical approach for studying teaching-learning interactions in situ and via video analysis. The thesis makes a contribution to knowledge by expanding the SoTL approach with the perspectives of multimodal, symbolic and edusemiotic teaching-learning interactions. It can inform scholars and practitioners interested in the above mentioned concepts, method and analysis.

This thesis a corpus-based study on the temporal distance distinction in two pairs of Mandarin Chinese near-synonymous temporal terms zhiqian/yiqian 'before' and zhihou/yihou 'after', with Cognitive Grammar as the descriptive framework. Both pairs are found to occur in the attached form and in the bare form, as shown in the following examples. (1) Attached form a. [ta dadianhua-lai RP]zhiqian/yiqian [wo zai shuijiao TG] 'I was sleeping before he called.' b. [ta dadianhua-lai RP]zhihou/yihou[wo jiu shui-bu-zhao-le TG] 'I couldn't fall asleep after he called.' (2) Bare form a. ta zhiqian/yiqian [lai-guo TG] 'He came here earlier/ He once came here.' b. ta zhihou/yihou [hui lai TG] 'He will come later/ He will come in the future.' In the attached form use, the four temporal terms are attached to a preceding element, which usually expresses a situation. This situation serves as a reference point (RP) with respect to which another situation, called target (TG), is sequenced in time (relative time reference). In the bare form use, there may or may not be an antecedent RP the previous context. Without an antecedent RP, the TG is located in the past or in the future with respect to the speech time (absolute time reference). The two near-synonyms within each pair are basically equivalent and interchangeable in the attached form use. In the bare form use with the speech time as the reference time, however, two near-synonyms display the distinction of temporal distance: zhiqian and yiqian respectively locate a TG in the recent past and the distant past, whereas zhihou and yihou respectively do so in the near future and the far future. Based on the corpus data, we argue that in the attached form use the temporal distance between the RP and the TG is determined by the temporal location of the RP and the temporal location of the TG, no matter which near-synonym is used to sequence the two situations. Meanwhile, the temporal distance between the two situations is often short. At the level of objective conceptual content, it is a usual concomitant that relevant situations tend to be temporally close. At the level of subjective construal, the RP and TG are the only two situations profiled within the onstage region (i.e., within a conceptualizer’s focal attention); with no intervening situations being profiled, the RP and the TG seem to happen in uninterrupted succession and are thus close to each other. These features account for the absence of temporal distance distinction in the attached form use. The temporal distance distinction in the bare form use is attributed to the respective functions of zhi and yi. In a possessive relation profiled by the possessive marker zhi, the possessor and the possessed item tend to be close, especially for inalienable possession such as relational spatial concepts. Spatial proximity is inherited as temporal proximity between the RP and qian 'front' and hou 'back'. In the bare form use with the speech time as the reference time, temporal proximity associated with the possessive construction is still inherited despite the lack of a linguistically realized RP. As such, zhiqian locates a TG in the recent past and zhihou does so in the near future, both close to the speech time. The function of yi is to mark an extension. It profiles the region covered starting form a certain starting point (i.e., a boundary) and extending towards a certain direction. The endpoint is usually not specified but can be inferred. The extension sense is surprised in the attached form by the short temporal distance between the RP and the TG. In the bare form use where the context does not suggest any RP, the extension sense of yi is freed. Yiqian and yihou respectively profile a temporal region extending from the speech time towards the direction of past and future. With a durative or repetitive TG, yiqian has the sense 'for a long time' whereas yihou means 'from now on'. On the other hand, as the extension proceeds it also departs from the speech time. The departure sense provides the basis for the remoteness sense. Thus, with a punctual or one-time TG, yiqian locates this TG in the distant past, whereas yihou locates it in the far future. The concept of distance is a relative one. The same temporal distance may be conceptualized as short or long in different types of situation for different speakers, reflected in the choice of temporal term. A temporal term profiles a short distance and another profiles a long one in a relative, prototype sense, a combination of objective conceptual content and subjective construal.

In the current era of Public Information Disclosure (KIP), government agencies need to improve themselves. The public demands multidirectional approach of communication, as it is more critical in responding to every government program and policy. Implementation of cyber PR through social media in providing information to the public appeared to be the best solution in this digital era. The government's Cyber PR is expected to explain government policies and programs with simple language capable of being absorbed by the public, thereby creating engagement in the community and enhancing the positive reputation of government institutions. This article is a conceptual article that seeks to explain the concept of cyber PR in building the reputation of government agencies through social media. The discussion of the concept is emphasized on the implementation of government PR cyber by applying Guidelines for Social Media Utilization of Government Agencies issued by the Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform (PAN-RB) RI 2012. The results of conceptual studies show that the implementation of cyber PR government agencies through various social media platforms can help to increase the reputation of the institution assessed through the seven dimensions of reputation according to the Reputation Institute. Proper use of social media can improve the image or reputation of government agencies, but errors in the use of social media can be fatal. The utilization of social media should continue to be accompanied by improved capabilities in terms of content management and public relations strategies

This paper presents a corpus-based exploratory study of the figurative conceptualizations of visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli in English and Hungarian. Through a manual semantic analysis of altogether 6,800 occurrences of 18 sensory nouns (three per sensory modality in each language) in the TenTen corpora, the following conceptualization types of perceptual stimuli have been examined: reification, agentification, animization, and personification. The paper presents the relative frequencies of these conceptualizations along with their subtypes and concrete linguistic manifestations in English and Hungarian. Among a number of interesting observations that call for further investigations, the following findings merit special attention: (1) visual stimuli have the lowest values in every category; (2) in both languages, agentification is the most typical in the case of olfaction; (3) with the exception of representations of olfactory stimuli as living beings, every conceptualization type is more frequent in the Hungarian data.

This paper is presented at the Kongres Internasional Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia (The International Congress of the Linguistic Society of Indonesia [KIMLI 2016]) in Bali, in August 2016. The presentation is based on a pilot study from a small, preliminary dataset. The topic is part of my PhD thesis (Rajeg 2019) on the metaphors in the lexical field of HAPPINESS in Indonesian. The goal of the paper is to introduce quantitative and visualisation technique in exploring semantic differences between near-synonyms regarding their preferred metaphorical conceptualisations. The precursor of this study can be seen in Rajeg (2014).Abstract of the paper is available from the previous version of this repository.To cite, click the dark pink Cite button and select the citation style through the drop-down button. The default citation style is DataCite