Sustainable Thermo-energetic adaptation of evolutionary social housing through a sustainable envelope for arid areas.

The objective of the work considers the development of a sustainable envelope for the thermo-energetic adaptation of Evolutionary Social Housing in Arid Zones. Due to the current growth of neighborhood constructions executed by the Sanjuanino Provincial Housing Institute (VSE-IPV) in Argentina, they show that they are designed to increase consumption, and they do not prove to solve the user's energy demand from the project stage. Naturally, nor contribute to energy poverty and environmental sustainability. The methodology used considers theoretical and practical studies at Urban, Housing and Construction Scales. Theoretical studies included analyzes of sectorial bioclimatic urban and architectural design, of the location, growth and climate, proposals for Passive Strategies according to bioclimatic zones. Those who guided the research to technological-constructive studies of the envelope, thermal behavior, and energy efficiency (EE), with proposals for improvements to the base and expanded prototypes considering International and National Level standards (ISO, CTE, IRAM). For the Proposed Optimized Expanded, with the incorporation of complementary external sustainable thermal insulating layers, a high EE is obtained, class B, weighted average transmittance K' m=0.41W/m2°K, with a weighted mean thermal variation τm=1.44°C. It is concluded that when the thermal insulation improvement integrates the entire envelope.

The objective of the work considers the development of a sustainable envelope for the thermo-energetic adaptation of Evolutionary Social Housing in Arid Zones. Due to the current growth of neighborhood constructions executed by the Sanjuanino Provincial Housing Institute (VSE-IPV) in Argentina, they show that they are designed to increase consumption, and they do not prove to solve the user's energy demand from the project stage. Naturally, nor contribute to energy poverty and environmental sustainability. The methodology used considers theoretical and practical studies at Urban, Housing and Construction Scales. Theoretical studies included analyzes of sectorial bioclimatic urban and architectural design, of the location, growth and climate, proposals for Passive Strategies according to bioclimatic zones. Those who guided the research to technological-constructive studies of the envelope, thermal behavior, and energy efficiency (EE), with proposals for improvements to the base and expanded prototypes considering International and National Level standards (ISO, CTE, IRAM). For the Proposed Optimized Expanded, with the incorporation of complementary external sustainable thermal insulating layers, a high EE is obtained, class B, weighted average transmittance K' m=0.41W/m2°K, with a weighted m

Full-duplex (FD) transmission is a promising technique for fifth generation (5G) wireless communications, enabling significant spectral efficiency (SE) improvement over existing half-duplex (HD) systems. However, FD transmission consumes higher power than HD transmission, especially for millimetre wave band. Therefore, energy efficiency (EE) for FD systems is a critical yet inadequately addressed issue. This thesis addresses the critical EE challenges and demonstrates promising solutions for implementing FD systems, as detailed in the following contributions. In the first contribution, a comprehensive EE analysis of the FD and HD amplify-and-forward (AF) relay-assisted 60 GHz dual-hop indoor wireless systems is presented. An opportunistic relay mode selection scheme is developed, where FD relay with different self-interference (SIC) techniques or HD relay is opportunistically selected. Together with transmission power adaptation, EE is maximised with given channel gains. A counter-intuitive finding is shown that, with a relatively loose maximum transmission power constraint, FD relay with two-stage SIC is preferable to both FD relay with one-stage SIC and HD relay, resulting in a higher optimised EE. A full range of power consumption sources are considered to rationalise the analysis. The effects of imperfect SIC at relay, drain efficiency and static circuit power on EE are investigated. Simulation results verify the theoretical analysis. In the second contribution, EE oriented resource allocation for FD decode-of-forward (DF) relay-assisted 60 GHz multiuser systems is investigated. In contrast to the existing SE oriented designs, the proposed scheme maximises EE for FD relay systems under cross-layer constraints, addressing the typical problems at 60 GHz. A low-complexity EE-orientated resource allocation algorithm is proposed, by which the transmission power allocation, subcarrier allocation and throughput assignment are performed jointly across multiple users. Simulation results verify the analytical results and confirm that the FD relay systems with the proposed algorithm achieve a higher EE than the FD relay systems with SE oriented approaches, while offering a comparable SE. In addition, a much lower throughput outage probability is guaranteed by the proposed resource allocation algorithm, showing its robustness against channel estimation errors. In the third contribution, it is noticed that in wireless power transfer (WPT)-aided relay systems, the SE of the source-relay link plays a dominant role in the system SE due to limited transmission power at the WPT-aided relay. A novel asymmetric protocol for WPT-aided FD DF relay systems is proposed in multiuser scenario, where the time slot durations of the two hops are designed to be uneven, to enhance the degree of freedom and hence the system SE. A corresponding dynamic resource allocation algorithm is developed by jointly optimising the time slot durations, subcarriers and transmission power at the source and the relay. Simulation results con rm that, compared to the symmetric WPT-aided FD relay (Sym-WPT-FR) and the time-switching based WPT-aided FD relay (TS-WPT-FR) systems in the literature, the proposed asymmetric WPT-aided FD relay system achieves up to twice the SE and higher robustness against the relay's location and the number of users. In the final contribution, to strike the balance between high SE and low power consumption, a hybrid duplexing strategy is developed for distributed antennas (DAs) systems, where antennas are capable of working in hybrid FD, HD, and sleeping modes. To maximise the system EE with low complexity, activation/deactivation of transmit/receive chain is first performed, by a proposed channel-gain-based DA clustering algorithm, which highlights the characteristics of distributed deployment of antennas. Based on the DAs' con figuration, a novel distributed hybrid duplexing (D-HD)-based and EE oriented algorithm is proposed to further optimise the downlink beamformer and the uplink transmission power. To rationalise the system model, self-interference at DAs, co-channel interference from uplink users to downlink users, and multiuser interference in both uplink and downlink are taken into account. Simulation results confirm that the proposed system provides significant EE and SE enhancements over the colocated FD MIMO system, showing the advantages in alleviating high path loss as well as in cutting the carbon footprint. Compared to the sole-FD DA system, the proposed system shows much higher EE with marginal loss in SE. Also, the SIC operation in the proposed system is much more simplified compared to the two benchmarks.

Drying is one of the most energy consuming process. By using automatic control systems in the industry, a higher quality and energy efficient drying is achieved. There are two main periods in drying process, the constant rate period and the falling rate period. In the falling rate period, it becomes difficult to evaporate water from the product, and this results in high specific energy consumption values and low energy efficiency values. In this study, apple slices were dried in an intermittent infrared dryer with two new developed drying methodologies as a solution to this problem (Model 2 and 3). An Arduino based automatic control system was used for Model 2 and Model 3. Developed models were compared with conventional experiments (Model 1). With Model 2, a constant drying rate was achieved independently of the moisture content. With Model 3, 57% shorter drying time compared to Model 2 and 16% less energy consumption compared to Model 1 was provided. Also using of the Model 3 the energy efficiency increased as 50% and the specific energy consumption decreased as 48% compared to Model 1. This study offers a solution with high efficiency in industrial usage.Practical ApplicationsConventional dryers have low energy efficiency and high specific energy consumption. With two novel drying methodologies developed within the scope of this study, a reduction of 16% in energy consumption and increase of 50% in energy efficiency were observed as an alternative to conventional drying. In addition, a constant drying rate was achieved independently of the moisture content. These drying methodologies offer an applicable solution for drying process with high energy efficiency in industrial food drying systems. Thus, it is foreseen to decrease the energy consumption and increase the efficiency in the drying industry, which constitutes a large part of the industrial energy consumption.

Does energy efficiency have a spatial spill-over effect in China? Evidence from provincial-level data

In Turkey, according to TUİK Sectoral Energy Consumption Statistics (2006), the hotel buildings with the highest share, constitute 35% of the total building energy consumption. Energy needs and consumption behaviours differ according to the typology of the building. Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) has been adapted to the conditions of Turkey to increase energy and cost efficiency, to reduce the environmental and economic negative effects. The energy consumption and the global cost were investigated under different conditions in an existing hotel building. The paper is unique in its ability to deliver optimum solution through comparison by evaluating energy and cost efficiency at the same time considering sectoral, climatic, technological and economic national conditions when the literature research detailed in the present works about the problem is evaluated in detail. All findings have been compared simultaneously under different climate regions of seasonal and yearly working conditions of selected test hotel to obtain the energy and cost efficiency. Among the proposed improvement scenarios, the optimum scenario is determined in terms of cost and energy efficiency in S18 which has the highest energy efficiency. In this case, both insulation material type and thickness as well as glass type can be bent and through multiple measures can be achieved by 25.7% improvement for energy efficiency.

Economic level could be an important factor which influences energy efficiency and it’s generally accepted that high level of economic development can lead of high energy efficiency. However, the situation may be different when economic factor is put aside. In the paper, nine regions in China are chosen to compare their energy efficiency at similar economic level between 1995 and 2007. Based on the result, the nine regions can be divided into three categories——early developed regions with low energy efficiency, late developed regions with high energy efficiency and late developed regions with low energy efficiency. Three possible reasons for the result (the technology “leapfrog”, energy mix and industrial mix) are discussed. The adoption of the latest technologies, high portion of clean energy in energy mix and high portion of light industry in industrial mix can be the reason for high energy efficiency of late developed regions in China.

This study investigates a fresh perspective on how natural resource rents (NRR) and quantity of natural resources (QNR) modulate the influence of fiscal decentralization (FD) and the Financial Development Index (FDI) on energy efficiency (ENE) and CO2 Emissions. We draw upon the Stochastic Impacts of Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology framework, taking the BRICS countries as the subject of investigation from 1986 through 2021. Using a panel Method of Moments Quantile Regression with fixed effects, our results suggest that fiscal decentralization is favorable for environmental stability, particularly in BRICS countries with higher energy efficiency and CO2 Emission levels. Increased FDI proves environmentally harmful, with pronounced effects in more energy-efficient nations. Regarding direct influences, NRR and QNR hinder energy and CO2 efficiency, notably in countries with lower energy efficiency and CO2 emissions. Regarding indirect effects, NRR and QNR positively steer the impact of fiscal decentralization and the Financial Development Index on energy efficiency and CO2 Emissions, exhibiting stronger effects in energy-efficient nations. Among other control variables, Eco-Innovation (ECO_INNO), Solar energy production (SEP), Population (POP), and Economic Growth (GDP) foster environmental stability. We propose that fiscal decentralization should be based on a clear and responsible subnational government framework to counter rent-seeking behaviors and weak environmental conservation. Further, inclusive finance must strengthen the accessibility and cost-effectiveness of financial solutions for economic agents, promoting green consumption and investment initiatives to reach environmental stability and other Sustainable Development Goals.

Both the low latency and high energy efficiency are expected in the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G). The content prediction is believed as a promising way to reduce the latency. However, pushing a large amount of content will result in low energy efficiency. In order to get higher energy efficiency, we propose the prediction based D2D-assisted pushing in Heterogenous Ultra-dense Networks (H-UDNs). The D2D relay-user equipment can assist the pushing process of user equipments who are occupied with other services at that time, which can benefit on energy efficiency and latency reduction. Moreover, a new metric of energy efficiency for prediction is proposed in this paper called the Ratio of Energy to Prediction Success Rate (REPSR). Specifically, it can describe the energy efficient characteristics of prediction. Therefore, we can improve the energy efficiency and reduce the latency through the energy efficient prediction based D2D-assisted pushing.

The commercialization of rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs) is significantly impeded by their high charging voltage and low energy efficiency. In this work, we apply soluble KI to ZABs as a reaction modifier to change the oxidation pathway in the charging process from oxygen evolution reaction to I– oxidation reaction (IOR), which enjoys lower oxidation potential and faster kinetics. In addition, we surprisingly find that commercial cost-effective XC72R carbon delivers satisfactory bifunctional IOR and oxygen reduction reaction activity. Density functional theory calculation is provided to demonstrate the IOR mechanism by XC72R carbon. Finally, the KI-modified ZABs with XC72R exhibit a low charging voltage of 1.79 V, improved energy efficiency of 65.3% (2.0 V and 60% for conventional ZABs with noble-metal catalysts), and long cycle life of over 120 h at 5 mA cm–2. Further characterizations have illuminated the reason behind the extended battery cycle life as well. This work can significantly facilitate the future use of rechargeable ZABs in energy storage.

Analysis of energy efficiency in cloud based heterogeneous RAN with large-scale antenna systems

In wireless communication systems, the nonlinear effect and inefficiency of power amplifier (PA) have posed practical challenges for system designs to achieve high spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). In this paper, we analyze the impact of PA on the SE-EE tradeoff of orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) systems. An ideal PA that is always linear and incurs no additional power consumption can be shown to yield a decreasing convex function in the SE-EE tradeoff. In contrast, we show that a practical PA has an SE-EE tradeoff that has a turning point and decreases sharply after its maximum EE point. In other words, the Pareto-optimal tradeoff boundary of the SE-EE curve is very narrow. A wide range of SE-EE tradeoff, however, is desired for future wireless communications that have dynamic demand depending on the traffic loads, channel conditions, and system applications, e.g., high-SE-with-low-EE for rate-limited systems and high-EE-with-low-SE for energy-limited systems. For the SE-EE tradeoff improvement, we propose a PA switching (PAS) technique. In a PAS transmitter, one or more PAs are switched on intermittently to maximize the EE and deliver an overall required SE. As a consequence, a high EE over a wide range SE can be achieved, which is verified by numerical evaluations: with 15% SE reduction for low SE demand, the PAS between a low power PA and a high power PA can improve EE by 323%, while a single high power PA transmitter improves EE by only 68%.

Comparative analysis of the village ecosystem function of different tribes living in the same area in Arunachal Pradesh in North-eastern India

(Bi0.51 Na0.47)TiO3 based lead free ceramics with high energy density and efficiency

The rapid development of artificial intelligence requires synaptic devices with controllable conductance updates and low power consumption. Currently, conductance updates based on identical voltage pulse scheme (IVPS) and nonidentical voltage pulse scheme (NIVPS) face drawbacks in terms of recognition accuracy and energy efficiency, respectively. In this study, a mixed voltage pulse scheme (MVPS) for tuning conductance is proposed to simultaneously achieve high recognition accuracy and high energy efficiency, and its superiority is experimentally verified based on high‐performance Au (or Ag)/PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3/Nb:SrTiO3ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) synaptic devices. The MVPS‐based neural network simulation achieves a high recognition accuracy of ≈92% on the CIFAR10 dataset with better energy efficiency and throughput than those of NIVPS. In addition, high‐precision experimental vector‐matrix multiplication (with a relative error of ≈1.5%) is obtained, and the simulated FTJ synaptic arrays achieved a high inference energy efficiency of ≈85 TOPS W−1and a throughput of ≈200 TOPS, which meets the requirements of artificial intelligence in low‐power scenarios. This study provides a possible solution for practical applications of FTJ in neural network computing.