Survival of probiotics in soyoghurt plus mulberry (c.v. Chiang Mai 60) leaf extract during refrigerated storage and their ability to tolerate gastrointestinal transit

The potential of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract against pro-aggregant tau-mediated inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antiobesity effect of combinational mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and mulberry fruit extract (MFE) in a high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice. Mice were fed a control diet or a HF diet for nine weeks. After obesity was induced, the mice were administered with single MLE at low dose (133 mg/kg/day, LMLE) and high dose (333 mg/kg/day, HMLE) or combinational MLE and MFE (MLFE) at low dose (133 mg MLE and 67 mg MFE/kg/day, LMLFE) and high dose (333 mg MLE and 167 mg MFE/kg/day, HMLFE) by stomach gavage for 12 weeks. The mulberry leaf and fruit extract treatment for 12 weeks did not show liver toxicity. The single MLE and combinational MLFE treatments significantly decreased plasma triglyceride, liver lipid peroxidation levels and adipocyte size and improved hepatic steatosis as compared with the HF group. The combinational MLFE treatment significantly decreased body weight gain, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. HMLFE treatment significantly improved glucose control during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test compared with the HF group. Moreover, HMLFE treatment reduced protein levels of oxidative stress markers (manganese superoxide dismutase) and inflammatory markers (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1) in liver and adipose tissue. Taken together, combinational MLFE treatment has potential antiobesity and antidiabetic effects through modulation of obesity-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in HF diet-induced obesity.

In this work, mulberry (Morus nigra L.) leaf extract was added in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films and its impact on the film’s properties was evaluated. In addition, HCl and glycerol were studied for their use as additives to prepare PVA-based films. The results showed that HCl and glycerol have minimal impacts on the films’ appearance, while mulberry leaf extract imparted green colour to the films produced, mainly due to the presence of green pigments. Moreover, the results suggested that a significant interaction has occurred between the polymer matrix and leaf extract, contributing to a more compact and uniform film morphology. The tensile strengths of the films increased from 21.38 to 28.28 MPa after the addition of mulberry leaf extract. Additionally, the films were tested for their application as food wrapping films. Overall, the results showed that PVA-based films incorporated with mulberry leaf extract have higher capability to preserve the freshness of food when compared to commercial cling wraps from brands such as Diamond and Glad. Appropriate proportions of additives (mulberry leaf extract, HCl and glycerol) used in the formulation of P-GH-M20 films showed improvement in its mechanical properties and food preservation capability.

This study investigates the impact of mulberry leaf extract on the viability, plasma membrane integrity, and motility of spermatozoa from male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to e-cigarette smoke. A total of twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), T1, T2, and T3. All groups, except for the NC group, were exposed to e-cigarette smoke. Rats in the T1, T2, and T3 groups received mulberry leaf extract in doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw, respectively, while the NC and PC groups were given a placebo of 1% Na-CMC. Both the mulberry leaf extract and the placebo were administered daily, beginning three days prior to the start of e-cigarette smoke exposure, which lasted for 28 days. Results showed that spermatozoa motility, plasma membrane integrity, and viability in the experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the NC group (p <0.05). Conversely, rats in the T1, T2, and T3 groups that received mulberry leaf extract demonstrated significantly greater spermatozoa viability, plasma membrane integrity, and motility compared to the PC group (p <0.05). The T3 group exhibited the most pronounced improvements, with significantly enhanced spermatozoa viability, membrane integrity, and motility (p <0.05) relative to the PC group. These results indicate that mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract enhanced spermatozoa viability, plasma membrane integrity, and motility in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) subjected to e-cigarette smoke.

Vasodilatory effects of mulberry (Morus spp.) leaf extract on porcine cerebral arteries in vitro: Possible underlying mechanisms

Mulberry (Morus alba L.), and above all the extract from the leaves of this plant, is a natural medicine that has been used in traditional medicine for hundreds of years. Mulberry leaves contains polyphenol compounds: flavonoids, coumarins, numerous phenolic acids, as well as terpenes and steroids. The antioxidant effect of these compounds may be beneficial to the fat fraction of meat products, thereby increasing their functional qualities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of mulberry water leaf extract, as an additive limiting adverse fat changes and affecting the functionality in model liver pâtés. Pork pâtés were prepared by replacing 20% of animal fat with rapeseed oil (RO), and water extract of mulberry leaves was added in the proportion of 0.2%, 0.6% and 1.0%. It has been shown that the addition of mulberry leaf extract delayed the appearance of primary and secondary fat oxidation products. The most effective antioxidant effect during 15-day storage was observed in the sample with the addition of 0.6% and 1.0% water mulberry leaf extract. These samples also showed inhibiting activity against angiotensin-converting enzymes and cholinesterase’s. During storage, the tested pâtés had a high sensory quality with unchanged microbiological quality. Mulberry leaf extract can be an interesting addition to the production of fat meat products, delaying adverse changes in the lipid fraction and increasing the functionality of products.

1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a component of mulberry leaf extract (MLE), reduces postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting intestinal a-glycosidase. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of MLE on the glycemic indexes (GI) of common dietary carbohydrates. This single-center, randomized, open-label, 7-cycle self-controlled crossover study enrolled 15 healthy volunteers at the National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (June 2014 to December 2014). The participants were randomized to receive glucose (3 occasions), glucose+MLE, sucrose+MLE, maltose+MLE, and maltodextrin+MLE orally during 7 visits (every 3 days). Blood glucose level was tested at 15 minutes before and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after carbohydrate intake. The GI of each carbohydrate relative to glucose (GI = 100) was calculated using the incremental area under the curve method. Safety was assessed at each visit. All participants completed the protocol. After carbohydrate ingestion, blood glucose level peaked at 30 minutes (glucose, glucose+MLE, sucrose+MLE, and maltose+MLE) or 45 minutes (maltodextrin+MLE) before returning to preprandial levels at 120 minutes. At 30 minutes, the change in blood glucose level was lower for sucrose+MLE, maltose+MLE, and maltodextrin+MLE than for glucose or glucose+MLE (P < .05). GI was lowest for sucrose+MLE (43.22 ± 17.47) and maltose+MLE (49.23 ± 22.39), intermediate for maltodextrin+MLE (75.90 ± 26.01), and higher for glucose+MLE (91.88 ± 27.24). MLE reduced the GIs for maltose, sucrose, maltodextrin, and glucose by 53.11%, 33.51%, 31.00%, and 8.12%, respectively. MLE was well tolerated. Coconsumption of MLE with sucrose, maltose, or maltodextrin can reduce the GI values of these carbohydrates. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Platform, no. ChiCTR-IPR-15006484. Registered on May 28, 2015.

Mulberry leaves (Morus alba) have been used in folk medicine to mitigate symptoms of diabetes. The mulberry plant contains phenolic compounds that are able to decrease blood glucose concentration. Since various phenolics have antioxidant and metal binding properties, they can be used to alleviate oxidative stress and chelate trace elements involved in redox reactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with mulberry leaf extracts (acetone–water (AE) and ethanol–water (EE)) on the trace element status (Fe, Zn and Cu) in relation to diabetes management and antioxidant indices in high-fat diet-fed/STZ diabetic rats. The experiment was performed on 38 male Wistar rats with diabetes (induced by high-fat diet (HF) and streptozotocin injection) or the control fed with AIN-93M or high-fat diet. As a result, five experimental groups were used: (1) a healthy control group fed with AIN-93M; (2) an HF control group; (3) a diabetic HF group; (4) a diabetic HF + AE group (6 g/kg diet); (5) a diabetic HF + EE group (6 g/kg diet). The rats were fed with appropriate diets for 4 weeks. The content of trace elements (Fe, Zn and Cu) in the serum and tissues was measured by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Biochemical analyses (glucose, TBARS, FRAP) were performed on the blood serum. It was shown that the AE decreased hepatic and renal Fe stores, while the EE increased hepatic Cu levels in diabetic rats and confirmed their ability to regulate the Fe and Cu status in diabetes. The results confirmed a significant hypoglycaemic and antioxidant potential of both mulberry leaf extracts in diabetic rats.

This study evaluates how white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extracts affect the growth, antioxidant activity, and immune response in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Mulberry leaf extracts were obtained through aqueous extraction (AE) and ethanol extraction (EE). Powder of mulberry leaf (PML) was added directly to feed and compared with the effects of feeds supplemented with the different extracts. Fish were divided into eight groups for an 8-week feeding trial where they were fed the basal diet or supplemented with 10% PML, 10% AE, 20% AE, 40% AE, 10% EE, 20% EE, or 40% EE. The inclusion of mulberry leaf extract obtained with either method showed better effects on fish growth performance, antioxidant activities and acid phosphatase activity (ACP) in serum, immune cytokine expression, and intestinal morphology as compared with controls or fish fed the 10% PML diet. The specific growth rate was significantly higher in the 10% AE, 10% EE, and 20% EE groups compared with all other groups (P&lt;0.05). Catalase activity was significantly greater in most groups fed an extract, and in the 10% PML group, when compared with controls. Similarly, ACP, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-2 expression was significantly increased in groups fed an extract, and in the 10% PML group, when compared with controls (P&lt;0.05). IL- 1, IL-2, IL-10, and Toll-like receptor 2 expression was significantly greater in the 10% EE group than in the 10% PML and 10% AE groups (P&lt;0.05). Villus length in the middle intestine was significantly increased in the 10% AE and 10% EE groups compared with controls and the 10% PML group (P&lt;0.05). Thus, 10% mulberry leaf ethanol extract added to feed is recommended for enhancing the growth rate and health of cultured Nile tilapia.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of enzyme treatment with β-glucosidase on antioxidant capacity of the mulberry leaf extract (MLE) using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC) assay. The MLE was prepared by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min and treated with β-glucosidase for 9 hr. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that only qercetin-3-β-d-glucose (QT-G) among quercetin (QT) glycosides of MLE, including QT-G, quercetin-3-O-glucose-6″-acetate (QT-GA), and rutin (RT), was converted into QT by 3 hr treatment with β-glucosidase. The in vitro peroxyl radical- and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity significantly increased after the enzyme treatment using β-glucosidase for 6 and 9 hr, respectively. The metal chelating activity increased after the enzyme treatment using β-glucosidase for 3 hr. The intracellular antioxidant capacity of MLE to protect AAPH- and Cu2+-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells significantly increased after the enzyme treatment using β-glucosidase for 3 and 6 hr, respectively, indicating that QT may be released from QT-G by β-glucosidase and penetrate into cell membrane so that it can contribute to the intracellular antioxidant capacity of MLE.

Study background: Hypercholesterolemia causes arteriosclerosis, a risk factor for cerebral or myocardial infarctions.Prevention of hypercholesterolemia by improving dietary habits has recently attracted attention in many countries.It has been reported that the leaves of the mulberry plant, Morus alba L., which is commonly used for tea in Asian countries, can ameliorate hypercholesterolemic conditions. Method:To determine its mechanism of action, we performed gene expression profiling of the liver of mice fed a high-cholesterol diet and a polyphenol-rich mulberry leaf extract containing abundant quercetin and kaempferol for 4 weeks. Results:The levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in plasma, and level of total cholesterol in the liver were significantly lower in the mice treated with the mulberry leaf extract than that in the control group mice.DNA microarray analysis revealed that mulberry extract downregulated the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, including hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase gene, and upregulated the transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and γ, transcriptional factors known to regulate lipid metabolism or immunity, and their target genes.Additionally, the mulberry extract stimulated both innate and acquired immunity, including the induction of scavenger and Toll-like receptors and the activation of pathways in various lymphocytes, such as macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells. Conclusion:The results obtained in this study suggest that quercetin and kaempferol in the mulberry leaf induce the activation of PPARα and PPARγ, transcription of Ppara and Pparg genes, and stimulation of PPAR signaling pathways.These phenomena ultimately lead to the reduction of cholesterol synthesis and immunostimulation.

For centuries, mulberry leaf has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of diabetes. This study aims to test the prevention effects of a proprietary mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and a formula consisting of MLE, fenugreek seed extract, and cinnamon cassia extract (MLEF) on insulin resistance development in animals. MLE was refined to contain 5% 1-deoxynojirimycin by weight. MLEF was formulated by mixing MLE with cinnamon cassia extract and fenugreek seed extract at a 6:5:3 ratio (by weight). First, the acute toxicity effects of MLE on ICR mice were examined at 5 g/kg BW dose. Second, two groups of normal rats were administrated with water or 150 mg/kg BW MLE per day for 29 days to evaluate MLE’s effect on normal animals. Third, to examine the effects of MLE and MLEF on model animals, sixty SD rats were divided into five groups, namely, (1) normal, (2) model, (3) high-dose MLE (75 mg/kg BW) treatment; (4) low-dose MLE (15 mg/kg BW) treatment; and (5) MLEF (35 mg/kg BW) treatment. On the second week, rats in groups (2)-(5) were switched to high-energy diet for three weeks. Afterward, the rats were injected (ip) with a single dose of 105 mg/kg BW alloxan. After four more days, fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose, serum insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured. Last, liver lysates from animals were screened with 650 antibodies for changes in the expression or phosphorylation levels of signaling proteins. The results were further validated by Western blot analysis. We found that the maximum tolerance dose of MLE was greater than 5 g/kg in mice. The MLE at a 150 mg/kg BW dose showed no effect on fast blood glucose levels in normal rats. The MLE at a 75 mg/kg BW dose and MLEF at a 35 mg/kg BW dose, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced fast blood glucose levels in rats with impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. In total, 34 proteins with significant changes in expression and phosphorylation levels were identified. The changes of JNK, IRS1, and PDK1 were confirmed by western blot analysis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential protective effects of MLE and MLEF against hyperglycemia induced by high-energy diet and toxic chemicals in rats for the first time. The most likely mechanism is the promotion of IRS1 phosphorylation, which leads to insulin sensitivity restoration.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a combined treatment of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and mulberry fruit extract (MFE) was effective for improving obesity and obesity-related inflammation and oxidative stress in high fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice. After obesity was induced by HF diet for 9 weeks, the mice were divided into eight groups: (1) lean control, (2) HF diet-induced obese control, (3) 1:1 ratio of MLE and MFE at doses of 200 (L1:1), (4) 500 (M1:1), and (5) 1000 (H1:1) mg/kg per day, and (6) 2:1 ratio of MLE and MFE at doses of 200 (L2:1), (7) 500 (M2:1), and (8) 1000 (H2:1) mg/kg per day. All six combined treatments significantly lowered body weight gain, plasma triglycerides, and lipid peroxidation levels after the 12-week treatment period. Additionally, all combined treatments suppressed hepatic fat accumulation and reduced epididymal adipocyte size. These improvements were accompanied by decreases in protein levels of proinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, interleukin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and phospho-nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor alpha) and oxidative stress markers (heme oxygenase-1 and manganese superoxide dismutase). M2:1 was the most effective ratio and dose for the improvements in obesity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that a combined MLE and MFE treatment ameliorated obesity and obesity-related metabolic stressors and suggest that it can be used as a means to prevent and/or treat obesity.

Fortification of yogurt with mulberry leaf extract: Effects on physicochemical, antioxidant, microbiological and sensory properties during 21-days of storage

Effects of Multi-Ingredient Nutritional Drink Including Mulberry Leaf Extract (MLE) on Postprandial Glycemic and Appetite Responses in Healthy Chinese Adults