Abstract
The convergence of information technology systems, data networks, embedded systems and Internet-of-Things (IoT) within the cyber-physical system (CPS) paradigm has led to the emergence of new security threats associated with the system hardware. To control risks of potential hardware security vulnerabilities, secure processors were developed using crypto-processors, Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) and secure boot. Secure processors have a critical role in achieving high assurance of security systems. They provide a secure execution environment for guarding against unauthorised access to secret keys and decrypted information. Besides, such secure execution environment are critical to sensitive operations such as secure key generation, management and storage. Moreover, secure processors mitigate information leakage through main and side channels. In this article, we survey the state of the art literature on secure processors, by focusing our attention on protective measures for hardware, boot and the execution environment. We also present current trends and design challenges.
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