Abstract
With the evolution of the Internet of things and smart cities, a new trend of the Internet of simulation has emerged to utilise the technologies of cloud, edge, fog computing, and high-performance computing for design and analysis of complex cyber-physical systems using simulation. These technologies although being applied to the domains of big data and deep learning are not adequate to cope with the scale and complexity of emerging connected, smart, and autonomous systems. This study explores the existing state-of-the-art in automating, augmenting, and integrating systems across the domains of smart cities, autonomous vehicles, energy efficiency, smart manufacturing in Industry 4.0, and healthcare. This is expanded to look at existing computational infrastructure and how it can be used to support these applications. A detailed review is presented of advances in approaches providing and supporting intelligence as a service. Finally, some of the remaining challenges due to the explosion of data streams; issues of safety and security; and others related to big data, a model of reality, augmentation of systems, and computation are examined.
Highlights
The trends of grid [1], cloud [2], and high-performance computing (HPC) [3] are a culmination of what could be termed the third industrial revolution of digitisation and automation of individual systems and processes [4, 5]
The adoption of Internet of things (IoT) and Internet of simulation (IoS) within each of the domains is explored before the rest of this paper explores the detail around infrastructure and intelligence and ongoing research
The technologies enabling greater connectivity between devices and more distributed computing such as cloud computing, big data, and IoT are allowing for greater levels of intelligence and autonomy in cyber-physical systems
Summary
The trends of grid [1], cloud [2], and high-performance computing (HPC) [3] are a culmination of what could be termed the third industrial revolution of digitisation and automation of individual systems and processes [4, 5]. The increasing intelligence and interconnectivity of these systems into a shared environment requires a shared model of reality [17] This model of reality provides a set of shared perspectives on reality that can be integrated with simulation and decision support systems via simulation in the IoS [11]. These perspectives can provide to the cyber-physical systems that exist within each of the domains intelligence as a service. Developing the physical and virtual computational and communication infrastructure will underpin each of these areas This includes technologies such as 5G and long-term evolution (LTE) [24], which along with software-defined networks will have to be advanced to improve reliability, bandwidth, and security.
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