Abstract

Abstract A gastrointestinal fistula is a severe medical condition that may lead to sepsis or septic shock. It requires immediate response and valid treatment to prevent subsequent deterioration. Surgical rescues are effective measures to cope with aforementioned situations, but there remain challenges in successful implementation. Institutional factors, including constrained hospital volume, technological gap, and limited competence of surgeons and nurses, could lead to surgical failure to rescue (FTR), while high-risk patient characteristics such as aging, diabetes mellitus, and chronic organ dysfunction have a bearing on the outcome as well. Surgical rescue strategies encompass damage control surgery and resuscitation. Based on disease severity, sequential damage control measures involving vessel catheter removal, abdominal drainage tube replacement, trocar-assisted percutaneous abscess drainage, laparoscopic drainage, and open abdomen therapy should be applied accordingly.

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