Abstract
Osteogenic cells are strongly influenced in their behaviour by the surface properties of orthopaedic implant materials. Mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPCs) migrate to the bone–implant interface, adhere to the material surface, proliferate and subsequently differentiate into osteoblasts, which are responsible for the formation of the bone matrix. Five surface topographies on titanium aluminium vanadium (TiAl6V4) were engineered to investigate biocompatibility and adhesion potential of human osteoblasts and the changes in osteogenic differentiation of MSPCs. Elemental analysis of TiAl6V4 discs coated with titanium nitride (TiN), silver (Ag), roughened surface, and pure titanium (cpTi) surface was analysed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro cell viability, cytotoxicity, adhesion behaviour, and osteogenic differentiation potential were measured via CellTiter-Glo, CytoTox, ELISA, Luminex® technology, and RT-PCR respectively. The Ag coating reduced the growth of osteoblasts, whereas the viability of MSPCs increased significantly. The roughened and the cpTi surface improved the viability of all cell types. The additive coatings of the TiAl6V4 alloy improved the adhesion of osteoblasts and MSPCs. With regard to the osteogenic differentiation potential, an enhanced effect has been demonstrated, especially in the case of roughened and cpTi coatings.
Highlights
Accepted: 19 March 2021Titanium and its alloys, especially TiAl6 V4, have long been used for orthopaedic implants
As can be clearly seen in the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images, there are significant differences in the morphology of the uncoated TiAl6 V4 discs and their modifications (1000- and 5000-fold magnification shown as inserts) (Figure 1)
The coating with commercial pure titanium produced a structured surface with rounded elements, which is created by the special coating process of vacuum plasma spraying
Summary
Especially TiAl6 V4 , have long been used for orthopaedic implants. Materials that are defined as biocompatible can be embedded in living tissue without causing negative effects. TiAl6 V4 has proven to be biocompatible in everyday clinical practice, efforts have continued to improve its osteoconductive and osteogenic properties to enhance implant performance. The successful integration as a bone substitute material into the surrounding tissue depends primarily on the surface structure and its properties. Chemical and physical processes such as polishing, sandblasting, plasma spraying, acid etching or bioactive coatings have been identified as a possible approach to improve the acceptance and adhesion of the involved cell types, leading to faster bone integration under in vivo conditions [3,4,5,6]
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